Subdirect irreducible

In algebra, a subdirect irreducible is an algebra that cannot be factored as a subdirect product of "simpler" algebras. Subdirect irreducibles play a somewhat analogous role in algebra to primes in number theory.__TOC__=Definition=In algebra, a subdirect irreducible (SI), or subdirectly irreducible algebra, is an algebraic structure every subdirect representation of which includes itself (up to isomorphism) as a factor.

=Examples=
* The two-element chain, as either a Boolean algebra, a Heyting algebra, a lattice, or a semilattice, is subdirectly irreducible.
* Any finite chain with two or more elements, as a Heyting algebra, is subdirectly irreducible. (This is not the case for chains of three or more elements as either lattices or semilattices, which are subdirectly reducible to the two-element chain. The difference with Heyting algebras is that "a" → "b" need not be comparable with "a" under the lattice order even when "b" is.)
* Any finite cyclic group of order a power of a prime is subdirectly irreducible. (One weakness of the analogy between subdirect irreducibles and prime numbers is that the integers are subdirectly representable by any infinite family of nonisomorphic prime-power cyclic groups, e.g. just those of order a Mersenne prime assuming there are infinitely many.)
* A vector space is subdirectly irreducible if and only if it has dimension one.

=Properties=The subdirect representation theorem of universal algebra states that every algebra is subdirectly representable by its subdirectly irreducible quotients. An equivalent definition of "subdirect irreducible" therefore is any algebra "A" that is not subdirectly representable by those of its quotients not isomorphic to "A". (This is not quite the same thing as "by its proper quotients" because a proper quotient of "A" may be isomorphic to "A", for example the quotient of the semilattice (Z, min) obtained by identifying just the two elements 3 and 4.)

An immediate corollary is that any variety, as a class closed under homomorphisms, subalgebras, and direct products, is determined by its subdirectly irreducible members, since every algebra "A" in the variety can be constructed as a subalgebra of a suitable direct product of the subdirectly irreducible quotients of "A", all of which belong to the variety because "A" does. For this reason one often studies not the variety itself but just its subdirect irreducibles.

An algebra "A" is subdirectly irreducible if and only if it contains two elements that are identified by every proper quotient, equivalently, if and only if its lattice Con "A" of congruences has a least nonidentity element. That is, any subdirect irreducible must contain a specific pair of elements witnessing its irreducibility in this way. Given such a witness ("a","b") to subdirect irreducibility we say that the subdirect irreducible is ("a","b")-irreducible.

Given any class "C" of similar algebras, Jónsson's Lemma states that the subdirect irreducibles of the variety HSP("C") generated by "C" lie in HS("C"_SI) where "C"_SI denotes the class of subdirectly irreducible quotients of the members of "C". That is, whereas one must close "C" under all three of homomorphisms, subalgebras, and direct products to obtain the whole variety, it suffices to close the subdirect irreducibles of "C" under just homomorphic images (quotients) and subalgebras to obtain the subdirect irreducibles of the variety.

=Applications=A necessary and sufficient condition for a Heyting algebra to be subdirectly irreducible is for there to be a greatest element strictly below 1. The witnessing pair is that element and 1, and identifying any other pair "a", "b" of elements identifies both "a"→"b" and "b"→"a" with 1 thereby collapsing everything above those two implications to 1. Hence every finite chain of two or more elements as a Heyting algebra is subdirectly irreducible.

By Jónsson's Lemma the subdirect irreducibles of the variety generated by a class of subdirect irreducibles are no larger than the generating subdirect irreducibles, since the quotients and subalgebras of an algebra "A" are never larger than "A" itself. Hence the subdirect irreducibles in the variety generated by a finite linearly ordered Heyting algebra "H" must be just the nondegenerate quotients of "H", namely all smaller linearly ordered nondegenerate Heyting algebras.

=References=