Synesius

Synesius (c. 373 - c. 414), a Greek bishop of Ptolemais in the Libyan Pentapolis after 410, was born of wealthy parents, who claimed descent from Spartan kings, at Cyrene between 370 and 375.

Life

While still a youth (393) he went with his brother Euoptius to Alexandria, where he became an enthusiastic Neoplatonist and disciple of Hypatia. On returning to his native place about the year 397 he was chosen to head an embassy from the cities of the Pentapolis to the imperial court to ask for remission of taxation and other relief. His address to the emperor Arcadius ("De regno") is full of topical advice as to the studies of a wise ruler, but also contains a bold statement that the emperor's first priority must be a war on corruption.

His three years' stay in Constantinople was wearisome and otherwise disagreeable; the leisure it forced upon him he devoted in part to literary composition. The "Aegyptus sive de providentia" is an allegory in which the good Osiris and the evil Typhon, who represent Aurelian and the Goth Gainas (ministers under Arcadius), strive for mastery; and the question of the divine permission of evil is handled.

After the successful Aurelian had granted the petition of the embassy, Synesius returned to Cyrene in 400, and spent the next ten years partly in that city, when unavoidable business called him there, but chiefly on an estate in the interior of the province, where in his own words "books and the chase" made up his life. His marriage took place at Alexandria in 403; in the previous year he had visited Athens.

In 409 or 410 Synesius, whose Christianity had until then been by no means very pronounced, was popularly chosen to be bishop of Ptolemais, and, after long hesitation on personal and doctrinal grounds, he ultimately accepted the office thus thrust upon him, being consecrated by Theophilus at Alexandria. One personal difficulty at least was obviated by his being allowed to retain his wife, to whom he was much attached; but as regarded orthodoxy he expressly stipulated for personal freedom to dissent on the questions of the soul's creation, a literal resurrection, and the final destruction of the world, while at the same time he agreed to make some concession to popular views in his public teaching.

His tenure of the bishopric was troubled not only by domestic bereavements (his three sons died) but also by barbaric invasions of the country (in repelling which he proved himself a capable military organizer) and by conflicts with the praeses Andronicus, whom he excommunicated for interfering with the Church's right of asylum. The date of his death is unknown; it is usually given as c. 414, because he appears to have been unaware of the violent death of Hypatia.

His many-sided activity, as shown especially in his letters, and his loosely mediating position between Neoplatonism and Christianity, make him a subject of fascinating interest. His scientific interests are attested by his letter to Hypatia in which occurs the earliest known reference to a hydrometer, and by a work on alchemy in the form of a commentary on pseudo-Democritus.

Works

His extant works are:
#A speech before the emperor Arcadius, "De regno" (On Kingship)
#"Dio, sive de suo ipsius instituto", in which he signifies his purpose to devote himself to true philosophy
#"Encomium calvitii", a literary "jeu d'esprit", suggested by Dio Chrysostom's "Praise of Hair"
#"De providentia", in two parts, also known as "The Egyptian Tale"
#"De insomniis", a treatise on dreams
#"Constitutio"
#"Catastasis", a description of the end of Roman Cyrenaica
#159 "Epistolae" (letters, including one text -Letter 57- that is in fact a speech)
#10 "Hymni", of a contemplative, Neoplatonic character
#2 homilies
#An essay on making an astrolabe

Lost works:
*A book on dog breeding
*Poems, mentioned in Synesius' letters

References

*"Editio princeps", Turnebus (Paris, 1553)
*Standard edition: Antonio Garzya, "Opere die Sinesio di Cirene" (1989)

Modern literature

*J. Bregman, "Synesius of Cyrene" (1982)
*Chr. Lacombrade, "Synesios de Cyrène. Hellène et Chrétien" (1951)
*J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz, 'Why Did Synesius Become Bishop of Ptolemais?', "Byzantion", 56 (1986) pp. 180-195.
*T. Schmitt, "Die Bekehrung des Synesios von Kyrene" (2001)
*1911

External links

* [http://www.livius.org/su-sz/synesius/synesius_cyrene.html Synesius of Cyrene] at livius.org (introduction by Jona Lendering and translations of all epistles, all speeches, all hymns, both homilies, all treatises)
* [http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1991/02.01.16.html D. Roques, Études sur la correspondance de Synésios de Cyrène reviewed by John Vanderspoel, University of Calgary, in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 02.01.16]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14386a.htm Catholic Encyclopedia]