- Substructure
In
universal algebra , an (induced) substructure or (induced) subalgebra is a structure whose domain is a subset of that of a bigger structure, and whose functions and relations are the traces of the functions and relations of the bigger structure. Some examples of subalgebras aresubgroup s,submonoid s,subring s,subfield s, subalgebras of algebras over a field, or inducedsubgraph s. Shifting the point of view, the larger structure is called an extension or a superstructure of its substructure.In the presence of relations (i.e. for structures such as
ordered group s orgraph s, whose signature is not functional) it may make sense to relax the conditions on a subalgebra so that the relations on a weak substructure (or weak subalgebra) are "at most" those induced from the bigger structure.Subgraph s are an example where the distinction matters, and the term "subgraph " does indeed refer to weak substructures.Ordered group s, on the other hand, have the special property that every substructure of an ordered group which is itself an ordered group, is an induced substructure.In
mathematical logic , especially inmodel theory , the term "submodel" is often used as a synonym for substructure, in the same way that the term "model" is used as a synonym for "structure". But often it has a slightly more restrictive meaning described below.Definition
Given two structures "A" and "B" of the same signature σ, "A" is said to be a weak substructure of "B", or a weak subalgebra of "B", if
* the domain of "A" is a subset of the domain of "B",
* "f A" = "f B" | "An" for every "n"-ary function symbol "f" in σ, and
* "R A" subseteq "R B" cap "An" for every "n"-ary relation symbol "R" in σ."A" is said to be an (induced) substructure of "B", or an (induced) subalgebra of "B", if "A" is a weak subalgebra of "B" and, moreover,
* "R A" = "R B" cap "An" for every "n"-ary relation symbol "R" in σ.If "A" is a substructure of "B", then "B" is called a superstructure of "A" or, especially if "A" is an induced substructure, an extension of "A".
Example
In the language consisting of the binary functions + and ×, binary relation <, and constants 0 and 1, the structure (Q, +, ×, <, 0, 1) is a substructure of (R, +, ×, <, 0, 1). More generally, the substructures of an
ordered field (or just afield ) are precisely its subfields. Similarly, in the language (×, -1, 1) of groups, the substructures of a group are itssubgroup s. In the language (×, 1) of monoids, however, the substructures of a group are itssubmonoid s. They need need not be groups; and even if they are groups, they need not be subgroups.In the case of
graph s (in the signature consisting of one binary relation), the induced substructures of a graph are precisely its inducedsubgraph s, and its weak substructures are precisely itssubgraph s.Substructures as subobjects
For every signature σ, induced substructures of σ-structures are the
subobject s in theconcrete category of σ-structures and strong homomorphisms (and also in theconcrete category of σ-structures and σ-embeddings). Weak substructures of σ-structures are thesubobject s in theconcrete category of σ-structures and homomorphisms in the ordinary sense.Submodel
In model theory, given a structure "M" which is a model of a theory "T", a submodel of "M" in a narrower sense is a substructure of "M" which is also a model of "T". For example if "T" is the theory of abelian groups in the signature (+, 0), then the submodels of the group of integers (Z, +, 0) are the substructures which are also groups. Thus the natural numbers (N, +, 0) form a substructure of (Z, +, 0) which is not a submodel, while the even numbers (2Z, +, 0) form a submodel which is (a group but) not a subgroup.
Other examples:
# Thealgebraic numbers form a submodel of thecomplex numbers in the theory ofalgebraically closed field s.
# Therational numbers form a submodel of thereal numbers in the theory offield s.
# Everyelementary substructure of a model of a theory "T" also satisfies "T"; hence it is a submodel.In the category of models of a theory and
embedding s between them, the submodels of a model are itssubobject s.See also
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prime model
*Löwenheim-Skolem theorem References
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