Stanisław Janikowski

Infobox Person
name = Stanisław Leopold Janikowski
caption = Stanisław Janikowski
birth_date = February 17, 1891
birth_place = Piotrków, southern Poland
death_date = September 23, 1965
death_place = Zielonka, Warsaw, Poland
resting_place = Powązki Cemetery, Warsaw
other_names = Wampir
known_for = Diplomacy and Etruscology
occupation = Diplomat
nationality = Polish
spouse = Halina Prewysz-Kwinto (1898-1981) m.1925
children = 3: Hanna, Stanisław & Wojciech
parents = Leopold Janikowski (1855-1942) & Zofia Krajcewicz (1867-1963)

Stanisław Leopold Janikowski (February 17, 1891 - September 23, 1965) was a Polish diplomat and an Etruscologist.

Biography

Stanisław Leopold Janikowski was born on February 17 1891 in Piotrków, southern Poland, son of Leopold and Zofia (née Krajcewicz). He spent most of his married life in Rome, Italy, until returning to Poland in 1965. On September 23 1965 he died aged 77 in his parents' home in Zielonka, near Warsaw and is buried in Warsaw.

Early life

From his school years Stanisław was involved in the underground fighting against the Tsar. His code name in these secret activities was "Wampir" ( _en. Vampire). He joined the Revolution with the school strike of 1905 against Russification ["By February 1905, the protest movement had spread to Polish educational institutions, where the major cause of discontent was Russification… Pupils at high schools and even at some elementary schools, stopped attending class and joined street demonstrations." Ascher, Abraham. "The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray". Stanford UniversityPress, 1994, ISBN 080-4723273, [http://books.google.com/books?id=9J9Dt6EQHs8C&pg=PA158&vq=Polish+elementary+schools Google Print, p.158] ] . He belonged to the "Polskie Drużyny Strzeleckie" ( _en. Polish Rifle Squads, a Polish pro-independence paramilitary organization tolerated bythe Austrian government in Krakow) [Sienkiewicz, Witold. "Mały słownik historii Polski". Warszawa: Wiedza Powszechna, 1991. ISBN 832-1406483 [http://books.google.com/books?id=aCNFAAAAIAAJ&q=Janikowski| Google Print, Page 162] ] and the " Sokół " ( _pl. Polskie Towarzystwo Gimnastyczne "Sokół", _en. Polish Gymnastic Society "Falcon"). Poor Health and the outbreak of World War I meant that he was unable to complete his studies at the Jagiellonian University. Since he could not be accepted by the regular army, during the World War, he was active in the secret "Wolnej Szkole Wojskowej" ( _en. Free Cadet School) in Warsaw ["cf" [http://www.pilsudski.org/Polish/Zbiory/Archiwum/Archiwum-118.html Archiwum Pułkownika Konrada Libickiego in The Jozef Pilsudski Institute In New York] ] . From 1914 he was a member of the clandestine Central Committee of ‘ZET’ the Association of the Polish Youth ( _pl. Związek Młodzieży Polskiej) [ [http://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fencyklopedia.interia.pl%2Fhaslo%3Fhid%3D114867| Encyklopedia Internautica (automatic translation)] ] and from 1915 in the secret " Polska Organizacja Wojskowa " (POW - _en. Polish Military Organization). From 1918, with former members of ZET who also could no longer be considered to be “youth”, he was a committee member of "Związku Patriotycznym" ( _en. Patriotic League) [ Tomasiewicz, Jarosław. "Niepodległościowe tradycje socjalistów w II RP" Lewica.pl 2005-09-19 [http://www.google.com/translate?u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lewica.pl%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D9815&hl=en&ie=UTF8&sl=pl&tl=en (automatic translation)] ] and then with the "Związek Naprawy Rzeczpospolitej" ( _en. Union for Improvement of the Republic) [ Waingertner, Przemysław. "Naprawa": (1926-1939) : z dziejów obozu pomajowego. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe "Semper", 1999. ISBN 838-6951583 [http://books.google.com/books?lr=&id=Pz0sAAAAMAAJ&q=Janikowski| Google Print pg. 18-19] ] .

Diplomatic career

S.L. Janikowski joined the Polish diplomatic service on November 15 1918. In 1920 he was a member of the Polish delegation to Minsk ["Upon the arrival of the delegation in Minsk, the Belarussian capital, the Polish delegates were treated as representatives of a defeated enemy. Not only were they isolated and subjected to various forms of psychological pressure. It was announced that the Polish delegation comprised exclusively of spies and that it was endeavouring to carry on spying activities." [http://www.ryga.polemb.net/index.php?document=33| Ajnenkiel. Andrzej "The Treaty of Riga - Its Origins and Significance"] ] . In 1921 he took part, as a member of the Polish delegation, in the Peace of Riga negotiations [Dąbrowski, Stanisław. "The Peace Treaty of Riga, 1921." Kent, Ohio: s.n., 1968. [http://books.google.com/books?id=da1AAAAAIAAJ&q=Janikowski| Google Print, Page 143] ] . He then stayed on in Lithuania, leading delicate negotiations to create a majority in the Sejm in Vilnius, supporting policies of the speaker Józef Piłsudski.

After returning to Warsaw he worked for a short time in the Eastern Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Poland. In 1927 he took office as Counsellor in the Embassy of the Second Polish Republic to the Holy See.

After the death of Ambassador Władysław Skrzyński in 1937, Janikowski performed his duties, as "charge d'affaires", at the Holy See, until the 1939 arrival of the new Ambassador Kazimierz Papée [ [http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polscy_ambasadorzy#Stolica_Apostolska Polish Wikipedia: Polscy ambasadorzy Stolica Apostolska] ] .

World War II

On the outbreak of World War II and the internment of the Polish authorities, Janikowski was designated to prime position by the nominated President of the Second Polish Republic General Bolesław Wieniawa-Długoszowski.

From 1944 until July 7 1945 he acted as director ["In January 1945, the Polish government In London appointed Stanisław Janikowski to Rome as its Charge d'Affaires ad interim to the Italian government. Italy did not do likewise". G.Petracchi, "Italy and Eastern Europe, 1943-1948", Pg. 127 in "The Failure of Peace in Europe, 1943-48" Edited by: Antonio Varsori and Elena Calandri (Palgrave Macmillan 2002) ISBN 978-0333723388. Petracchi refers to V. Mastny, "Soviet War Aims at the Moscow and Teheran Conferences of 1943", Journal of Modem History 47 (1975): pp. 481-504 ] of the Embassy of the Second Polish Republic to the Quirinale ["Quirinale" as the official residence of the President refers to the Italian Republic (as distinct from The Holy See)] with the title of Minister Plenipotentiary [The Ukrainian Quarterly, Ukrainian Congress Committee of America, Ukraine History Periodicals 1944 refers to him as "Dr. Stanislaw Janikowski, former Polish Ambassador in Rome" [http://books.google.com/books?lr=&q=Stanislaw+Janikowski+Polish+Ambassador+in+Rome Google Print Pg 84] ] . He continued to co-operate with Kazimierz Papée, though he was not formally mentioned in the "Annuario Pontificio".

Post War

From January to May 1954 he stayed in London, where he held the post of Minister of Foreign Affairs in the Polish Government in Exile [The United Kingdom withdrew recognition on July 6, 1945] of Jerzy Hryniewski. On his return to Rome, Janikowski took up radio broadcasting. In 1965 he returned to Poland with his wife and settled in Zielonka, (in the road named after his father, the explorer Leopold Janikowski), [ [http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&hl=en&geocode=&q=Leopolda+Janikowskiego,+Zielonka,+Warsaw,+Poland&sll=52.305579,21.164807&sspn=0.004126,0.010042&layer=c&ie=UTF8&z=16&iwloc=addr maps.google.com Leopolda Janikowskiego, Zielonka, Warsaw, Poland] ] , near Warsaw, where he died a few months later on September 23 1965. He was buried on September 27 1965 - Melchior Wańkowicz gave a funeral oration - in the family grave in Powązki Cemetery in Warsaw.

Family

Stanisław Janikowski was the only child of Leopold (born 1855 - died December 8th, 1942) and Zofia Krajcewicz (born November 21st, 1867 - died April 26th, 1963). Leopold Janikowski was a Meteorologist by training, becoming an Ethnographer and travelling to the Camerouns in West Africa on two voyages in the 1880s. Stanisław met his future wife Halina Prewysz-Kwinto during his stay in Wilno, and they later married in 1925. She was born on September 23rd, 1898 at Lipniszki, in Lithuania.They had three children. Their daughter was Hanna Maria, born July 21st, 1926 in Warsaw, who married Edward Szczepanik in Rome on June 29th, 1946. She had 4 children and lived in London, Hong Kong, Rome and latterly Lewes, East Sussex, England. She died on December 23rd, 1995. Their first son Stanisław Maria was born in Rome on November 28th, 1927. After the war he settled in England, where he still lives, in Felixstowe, and married Bridget Harkin, from Ireland, having a daughter. The last son, Wojciech Ignacjy Maria, was born July 31st, 1935 in Wilno, Lithuania. He has spent all his life in Rome, Italy, with two sons. Halina died in Zielonka, Warsaw, on December 18th, 1981, 16 years after her husband Stanisław Leopold Janikowski.

References

Footnotes

Bibliography
_pl. Czy wiesz kto to jest? ["Who's Who"] (Warsaw 1938)

_pl. publication by the Association of Poles in Italy ( _it. Associazione dei Polacchi in Italia / _pl. Związek Polaków we Włoszech) of a collection of articles covering "Political, public and cultural activity of Poles in Rome in the 20th century"

"Pro publico bono : Polityczna, społeczna i kulturalna działalność Polaków w Rzymie w XX wieku"
red. Ewa Prządka. - Rzym : Fundacja Rzymska im. J. S. Umiastowskiej, 2006. - 478 s., 77 fot. (Polonica włoskie ; 5. Świadectwa 4)

Related Websites:

* [http://www.polonia-wloska.org/biuletyn_propublico.html Pro publico bono]
* [http://www.polonia-wloska.org/index.html Związek Polaków we Włoszech]
* [http://www.polonia-wloska.org/biuletyn_intro_it.html Associazione dei Polacchi in Italia]

Persondata
NAME = Janikowski, Stanisław Leopold
ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
SHORT DESCRIPTION = Polish Diplomat
DATE OF BIRTH = February 17, 1891
PLACE OF BIRTH = Piotrków, Poland
DATE OF DEATH = September 23, 1965
PLACE OF DEATH = Warsaw, Poland