- Great Freeze
The Great Freeze refers to the winter of
1894 -1895 , especially inFlorida where the brutally cold weather destroyed much of the nation'scitrus crop.There were actually twin freezes in Florida during this momentous season, the first in December 1894 and the second in February 1895. The first did not actually kill a lot of groves, but did cause them to produce new shoots. So, when the second, harder freeze came a few months later, the effects were even more devastating. All varieties of fruit (oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes, etc.) blackened on the trees, and bark split from top to bottom. ["Type Studies from the Geography of the United States" by Charles Alexander McMurry, Macmillan & Company, 1908, page 81.] These effects were felt as far south as the
Manatee River , belowTampa . ["Cyclopedia of American Horticulture" by Liberty Hyde Bailey, Macmillan Company, 1901, page 1154.]Up to 1895, the cheap abundance of semi-tropical citrus groves extended into northern Florida and were producing as much as 6 million boxes of fruit per year. [McMurry, page 81.] After the Great Freeze, however, production plummeted to just 100,000 boxes and did not break the 1 million mark again until 1901. [Bailey, page 1155.] As a result, land values also dropped in the citrus growing areas from $1,000 per acre to as little as $10 per acre. Many compared the economic impact of the Great Freeze on Florida to the effects of the Great Fire on the city of
Chicago . [McMurry, page 82.]In the wake of the Great Freeze, many planters simply abandoned their Florida groves in search of frost-free locations in places as far away as
Cuba ,Puerto Rico , andJamaica . ["Southern Agriculture" by Franklin Sumner Earle, The Macmillan Company, 1908, page 245.]Others relocated to
California , utilizing a seedless variety ofgrapefruit discovered by C.M. Marsh nearLakeland, Florida . He was able to harvest 10,000 buds before the Great Freeze that were later propagated by west coast growers with great success. ["The Journal of Heredity", American Genetic Association, 1916, page 524.]Growers who were not able to abandon the region were forced to try their hands at growing other crops, which had the positive result of diversifying Florida's
agriculture . For instance, Palatka became particularly well-known for itspotato crop in the years following the Great Freeze; and Sanford was closely identified withcelery . [McMurry, page 83.]References
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