Paper print

Paper prints were an early mechanism to establish the copyright of motion pictures by depositing them with the Library of Congress. The first and foremost user of this prosecc was Thomas Alva Edison). To that end, beginning in 1893, Edison’s company was first to register each frame of movie film onto a positive paper print and thus the Library of Congress processed and cataloged the films as one photograph. For this reason, thousands of photocopies of films over a twenty year period were deposited with LC.

The unintended and fortunate other outcome is that while the actual films and negatives of this period decayed or were destroyed, the paper prints sat ignored and more or less preserved. When this deposit policy ended in 1912 and actual film prints were registered and immediately returned to the copyright holder, many films in the following three decades were lost forever because their original elements were too unstable for any lasting preservation or conservation. Paper prints, though, came with their own unpredictable nature, bringing migration challenges that rival the difficulties involved with the analog/digital conversions or software emulations of today.

Physical Aspects of Paper Prints

Paper prints were the positive opaque copies of their transparent film negative source. Just like film wound on a film core, the paper print was also tightly wound in the same way. Most accounts of the paper prints collection never mention the chemical composition of the photographs, but archivists at Ohio State University [http://publications.ohiohistory.org/ohstemplate.cfm?action=detail&Page=0078138.html&StartPage=138&EndPage=140&volume=78&notes=&newtitle=Volume%2078%20Page%20138] who received one of the restoration printers used for the conversion project refer to these photographic prints as existing on bromide photographic paper. No specifications could be found on the composition of bromide paper of the time, but one manufacturer today is Kentmere. Their bromide paper “features a conventional double weight fiber-base, coated with a neutral tone bromide emulsion…Glossy unglazed surface only. The double weight paper is approximately 276 g/m² and a thickness of approximately 260 μm.” [Kentmere Photographic. (2005, February 10). "Bromide technical data sheet." [Electronic version] . Retrieved April 11, 2008, from http://www.kentmereusa.com/] Photos of the paper on cores have a density that look very much like the films would, although there are no specifications on film of the time. Motion picture film was not standardized in the early years, and therefore, neither were their paper copies.

First Effort at Reformatting

By 1902, the paper prints had accumulated to 1413 according to the Annual Report of the Librarian of Congress. By the time of their rediscovery in the early 1940’s, over 3000 were stored within a vault of the copyright office. Librarian Howard Walls made the discovery and described the scene this way,

That vault had been open to all kinds of weather, but the grating was over a shaft so it never rained in there, it never snowed in there. And the successive wrappings on these paper rolls protected them. Each time it was wrapped around, the picture underneath was protected. [Slide, A. (1992). "Nitrate won’t wait: A history of film preservation in the United States. " Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.]

Walls recruited a National Archives (NARA) motion picture engineer, Carl Louis Gregory, to help get the movies back into shape for screening. Gregory observed the fragile state of the paper, some of which had sprocket perforations punched through. Sprocket holes or not, the paper could never travel through a projector or automated printer without being shredded.Gregory designed a system that adopted many of the traits involved with shooting animation in that era. He “modified a process optical printer” and was able to exchange sprocket heads and pull down pins that were necessary to advance the film and yet not tear it to pieces. [Ibid.] An adjustable aperture plate was added to frame images that had been produced by a variety of cameras without any uniform standardization. The transfer of the paper prints was done at one exposure setting without any consideration for the variations in image density of the negative, so Gregory adjusted his lighting that reflected off the print to maximize the information captured to a new film negative. There is no record of the film format used to recapture the paper prints.

Any institutional program to migrate more films was never begun as the war years intervened. Later, Howard Walls would devote his time primarily to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and would try to initiate a program to rescue the paper prints at LC. Nothing seemed to get beyond the fundraising stage, though, as Walls was enveloped in management intrigue and other responsibilities to the Academy.

econd Effort at Reformatting

The Academy did take up Walls' cause, but only with his departure in 1953. The real work began with Kemp R. Niver. For roughly a decade, the former filmmaker migrated over two million feet of films from paper. He established the Renovare Company and process (“to restore” in Latin) and with initial funding from the Academy (later funding would be private and then by congressional appropriation), Niver unwound film history. He also wrote a good amount about this program.

As mentioned, the filmmaking process hadn’t been standardized. In fact, many manufacturers purposely avoided the exact workings of Edison’s well-regarded Kinetograph, thereby avoiding infringement, while copying the essential functions with a few tweaks to the format. Niver also supposed that amateur engineers and filmmakers were designing their own cameras for a time, each one producing a different image size, with variation in sprocket hole number, size and pattern. He ranted about “some little man with a movie picture camera of his very own, constructed from a cigar box, some spare parts from a plow, and pieces of his grandmother’s sewing machine.” [Niver, K.R. (1964, October). From film to paper to film. "The quarterly journal of the Library of Congress." 21(4), 248-264.]

With adjustments, issues of frame lines and sprocket holes were resolved with each incoming print, but hand cranked film speed was also a nagging issue. Renovare would capture each frame, but a film could have been undercranked and exposed only for twelve frames per second. Playback on today’s film projectors might require 18 or 24 frame/s. Everything would appear comically fast. The solution was to expose a frame or every other frame twice, thereby making the action appear realistic. The reverse was true as well, with overcranked exposures, and frames would have to be removed to avoid slow motion films.

Another problem encountered by Niver and not discovered in any details of Gregory’s efforts at LC, is just what happens to photographs that have been tightly rolled up for four decades or more. Niver explained it by way of this example:

Look at the palm of your hand when it is in a relaxed position. Notice the soft wrinkles. Then open your hand—there are no wrinkles on the palm. Now you know what happens to the emulsion of a photograph that is laid out flat after having been in a curved position for half a century. [Ibid.]

Niver reached out to a preservation expert who told him to soak the paper and dry it by heated drum. Both of these are standard last steps in photo development. Niver saw the prints gain some of their original flat disposition and found an added benefit of a soft surface glaze which made for a more definitive image for capture back to film.

Renovare worked through the variety of problems inherent in a collection without uniformity and developed the machinery that would adapt to those problems. By the end of the program, the Mark VIII, an optical printer, could capture about 16,000 frames every six hours. The resulting films were produced on 16 mm acetate safety film stock. Niver’s rationale for this is three-fold; the end users would likely be students and the format was simple to use, storage space was not in abundance, and costs were kept low.

Kemp Niver was lauded at first (an Honorary Academy Award in 1954). He also publicized his efforts, which led to “a great number of requests for copies of early films.” [Library of Congress (1968). "Annual report of the Librarian of Congress." Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.] The Mark VIII is now with the UCLA film archive while an original restoration printer went into use at Ohio State. Still he did have at least one critic at the time, a film historian who found the guide to his work “full of curious categorization and arbitrary cross-indexing, as well as a great deal of needless duplication.” [Leyda, J. (1968, Summer). A note on progress. [Electronic version] . "Film quarterly." 21(4), 28-33.]

Current Migration Effort

Further criticism would come upon reflection of his work. Simply put; as standards changed, Niver’s migration looked sub-standard. By 1993, a project was already underway. LC had reported “widespread dissatisfaction with image loss in the earlier… preservation” and resolved to recopy the paper prints to 35 mm. [Melville, A. & Simmon, S. (1993, June). Film preservation 1993: a study of the current state of American film preservation. [Electronic version] . "Report of the Librarian of Congress. 1."] LC was praised for this and for not leaving anything out. The new collection of over 200 films was studied by two French film historians who visited LC in 2003. They made comparisons to the original paper prints and discovered that these “new restorations that the Library of Congress has recently carried out..., unlike Niver’s reconstitutions, are exact copies of the original paper prints.” [Gaudreault, A. (2003). Fragmentation and segmentation in the Lumiere “Animated Views.” [Electronic version] . "The Moving Image. 3"(1), 110-131.]

Now, LC’s website for the Motion Picture, Broadcasting & Recorded Sound Division proudly announces that the paper prints, their most active collection, are transferring to “vastly superior new 35 mm copies.” [Motion Picture & Television Reading Room. (n.d.). "Early motion pictures free of copyright restrictions in the Library of Congress." Retrieved April 9, 2008, from http://www.loc.gov/rr/mopic/mptvrrsub.html] They plan on continuing “until the entire collection has been re-photographed.” [Ibid.] The events that began over a century ago with the moving image at the Library of Congress continue to unfold.

In 2004, Kinetta built a new digital scanner specifically for the LOC's Paper Print Collection. Used with digital restoration software, and a special Kinetta 35mm B&W Film Recorder, films are scanned from the paper prints at 2K resolution, digitally restored, and output to 35mm B&W film. The resulting restorations are significantly better than the photochemical versions in many aspects. Films restored using this system include two Chaplin shorts. There is an article about this work on the kinetta.com website.

References

Further reading

*Abrams, B. (1997, November). Images of the silent era: The Library’s paper print fragment collection. [Electronic version] ." Library of Congress information bulletin. 56"(16).
*Academy of Motion Picture arts and Sciences (n.d.). "Kemp Niver biography." Retrieved April 8, 2008, from https://www.oscars.org/mhl/hn/niver_kemp_hn.html
*Edmondson, R. (2004). "Audiovisual archiving: philosophy and principles." [Electronic version] . Paris: UNESCO.
*Grimm, B. (1997, Spring). A short history of the paper print restoration at the Library of Congress. [Electronic version] . "AMIA newsletter." (36).
*Herrick, D. (1980). Toward a national film collection: Motion pictures at the Library of Congress. "Film Library Quarterly. 13"(2/3), 5-25.
*Library of Congress (1962-1963, Winter). [Electronic version] . "Film quarterly. 16"(2), 42-44.
*National Film Preservation Foundation (Producer). (2005). "Treasures from American Film Archives: 50 preserved films." [Motion Picture] . United States: Image Entertainment.
*Niver, K.R. (1968). "The first twenty years; a segment of film history." Los Angeles: Locare Research Group.
*Spehr, P.C. (1975). Edison films in the Library of Congress. "The quarterly journal of the Library of Congress. 32"(1), 34-45.
*Wagner, R.W. (1969, Spring). Preservation of the newsreel films of President Harding. [Electronic version] . "Ohio history 78"(2) 138-140.