Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi

The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi also known as the Sanctuary of Santa Maria di Polsi or Our lady of the Mountain lies in the heart of the Aspromonte mountains, near San Luca in Calabria and is an important centre of faith. It was founded by Roger II of Sicily in 1144.it icon [http://www.nonsolocittanova.it/parco_nazionale_aspromonte/da_montalto_a_polsi/mp.html I sentieri del Parco Nazionale dell'Aspromonte] ] The church and monastery are situated in a spectacular setting at the bottom of a gorge at an altitude of 865 metres surrounded by high mountains on the east side of the Montalto (1955 metres) the highest peak of the Aspromonte. [http://www2.sofi.se/ritualyear/Abstracts/Muraca.pdf The Pilgrimage of our Lady of Polsi] , by Giovanni Orlando Muraca, Università degli Studi della Calabria] The sanctuary is difficult to reach. Until some years ago Polsi could only reached by foot.Magrini, "Music and Gender", p. 149-50]

Convent and church

The Sanctuary is a Basilian convent – one of the few which have survived in Calabria. The church has three naves; the central nave has the classic honeycomb ceiling decorated with solid gold leaf. The arches, resting on solid pillars, have been magnificently stuccoed by local craftsmen, while the scenes painted around the walls describe the life and miracles of the Virgin Mary. [http://www.gambarie.com/spolsiingl.html The Sanctuary of the Madonna of the Mountains of Polsi] ]

The original statue of the Madonna was carved in tufa by a Sicilian artist in the 16th century and is coloured, with staring black and white eyes which follow the viewer. The second statue of the Madonna of the Mountains is kept in a niche in white marble. Every year, on September 2, her feast day, the statue is carried in procession by a great number of people. Every fifty years a very special event takes place at Polsi: the crowning of the statue of the Madonna on the main altar. The golden crowns were first placed on the heads of the Madonna and Child in 1860, when the father superior, Domenico Fera, to celebrate the threehundredth anniversary of the arrival of the statue in the Sanctuary in 1560.

=Pilgr

The pilgrimage to Polsi has ancient origins and is still very important. Worshipers from all over Calabria and Eastern Sicily come to honour the Madonna, a token of faith to pay at least once in one’s lifetime. This holds not only for the believer. Even unbelievers who come to Polsi feel as if they have set out beyond a “new frontier”. Worshipers come from June to November, but the numbers increase between 30th of August and 2nd of September to over 50.000. Ever since venerated by the people of Aspromonte it has also been an important the migrants from Calabria and Messina.

Many elements date back to pagan rites from the ancient Magna Græcia culture, the bases of which are still evident in the soul and language of Calabria – older people in the villages around the sanctuary still speak Griko. Until not very long ago, when the statue of Our Lady was taken out in procession grain and flowers used to be thrown around it and this is considered one of the many pagan residues of the old cult of Demetra and Persephone, a symbol of the link between human fertility and that of the earth. The atmosphere is influenced by the primordial sacrifice of goats, whose meat is then cooked. The whole event is accompanied by wild performances of the tarantella, a local dance, which represent an ancient and universal way of honouring the divine being. Therefore pilgrims go to Polsi to pray, thank, ask for graces to be granted, but also to feel free, live the illusion, be together, dance, sing and eat goat.

During these last years church authorities have required several substantial changes in the religious practices and traditional devotions, in an attempt to level and normalize all manifestations of popular belief.

Cultural event

Beside a religious event the festival in Polsi is an important cultural event for local music and dance. Before the road to Polsi was constructed, people would walk for hours of even days. During the pilgrimage people would dance along stretches of the road. Women in particular might make the vow to dance along the route if they wanted to ask for a favour or to give thanks. According to the Calabrian writer Corrado Alvaro in his book ‘Calabria’ in 1931: “Girls thus dance along the entire route, and will be dancing night and day for the hours that they have specified in their vow, until they will collapse on the ground or need to lean on a wall while their feet are still moving.”

The festival of Polsi had nothing of the sadness of others where the sick and deformed met in search of pity and help. It was more a great religious bacchanal, a Dionysian feast, to which people flocked as to a giant picnic in the mountains, ate, perhaps prayed a little and especially where one danced, according to Francesco Perri in his book ‘Enough of Dreams’ from 1929. “Caravans came down from every point in the valley. The people sang and uttered short, loud cries of ‘Viva Maria’ and continually fired their guns. Among the crowds around the sanctuary and in the nearby wood the shooting was incessant …. And over all that multiple discordant din that boomed like the surf of the sea rose a mingled music of pipes, harmonicas, violins, guitars and Basque tambourines.”Peebles, "Leonard Covello", p. 30]

Those who attended the festival remained by the sanctuary for a few days. People had to camp in the valley. The contemporary festival is very different. The long walk has almost disappeared and nobody dances on the way. People now drive to the sanctuary, mainly by truck – and the journey is accompanied by the sound of religious chants played by portable amplifiers. Most people now prefer to go back home after they have reached the church and completed their thanksgiving prayers – most attend the festival only on the day of the procession.

'Ndrangheta sanctuary

From at least the 1950s, the chiefs of the Calabrian criminal consortium, the 'Ndrangheta, have held annual meetings, called "crimini", at the Sanctuary of Our Lady of Polsi. According to the pentito Cesare Polifroni – a former member turned state witness – at these meetings, every boss “must give account of all the activities carried out during the year and of all the most important facts taking place in his territory such as kidnappings, homicides, etc.”it icon [http://www.camera.it/_bicamerali/nochiosco.asp?pagina=/_bicamerali/leg15/antimafia/home.htm Struttura di comando e struttura di base della ‘ndrangheta] , in Relazione sullo stato della lotta alla criminalità organizzata in Calabria, Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sul fenomeno della mafia e delle altre associazioni criminali similari, July 2000] Paoli, "Mafia Brotherhoods", p. 59] The "capo crimine", who is elected every year, is in charge of convening these meetings, but, far from being “the boss of the bosses”, actually has comparatively little authority to interfere in family feuds or to control the level of inter-family violence. [http://www.nuffield.ox.ac.uk/Economics/History/paper59/59varese.pdf How Mafias Migrate: The Case of the 'Ndrangheta in Northern Italy] , by Federico Varese, Discussion Papers in Economic and Social History, Number 59, University of Oxford, July 2005]

In 1969 the police raided a meeting, the so-called Montalto summit, near the Sanctuary and captured more than 70 'ndranghetisti, while others managed to escape. The importance of the meeting for the unity of the whole 'Ndrangheta was underestimated for a long time.Paoli, "Mafia Brotherhoods", p. 87] Bosses from outside Calabria, from as far as Canada and Australia, regularly attend the fall meetings at the Sanctuary of Polsi, an indication that the "'ndrine" around the world perceive themselves as being part of the same collective entity.Paoli, "Mafia Brotherhoods", p. 32]

In 2007, fewer people attended the religious festival due to fears and tensions resulting from the San Luca feud between two rival 'Ndrangheta clans from San Luca.it icon [http://www.repubblica.it/2007/08/sezioni/cronaca/massacro-duisburg/festa-polsi/festa-polsi.html San Luca, poca gente alla festa della Madonna] , La Repubblica, September 2, 2007]

References

*Magrini, Tullia (2005). " [http://books.google.nl/books?id=WoI6AlKdsLgC&dq Music and Gender: Perspectives from the Mediterranean] ", Chicago: University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-22-650165-5
*Paoli, Letizia (2003). " [http://books.google.nl/books?id=qX5NfHTWzS0C&dq Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style] ", New York: Oxford University Press ISBN 0-19-515724-9 ( [http://www.organized-crime.de/revpao01mafiandrangheta.htm Review] by Klaus Von Lampe) ( [http://www.ccja-acjp.ca/en/cjcr/cjcr68.html Review] by Alexandra V. Orlova)
*Peebles, Robert Whitney (1978). " [http://books.google.nl/books?id=Wv-xyxMCJroC&pg=PA30&dq Leonard Covello: A Study of an Immigrant's Contribution to New York] ", New York: Ayer Publishing ISBN 0405110901