Treaty of Washington City

Treaty of Washington City

The Treaty of Washington City was a treaty signed on January 20, 1825 (proclaimed on February 19, 1825) between the Choctaw (an American Indian tribe) and the Untied States Government.

Overview

Apuckshunubbee, Pushmataha, and Mosholatubbee, the principle leaders of the Choctaws, went to Washington City (the 19th century name for Washington, D.C.) to discuss encroaching settlement and to seek the expulsion of settlers or financial compensation.cite book
last = Cushman
first = Horatio
title = History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians
origdate = 1899
accessdate = 2008-04-17
publisher = University of Oklahoma Press
page = 149-150
chapter = The Choctaw
id = ISBN 0806131276] The group also included Talking Warrior, Red Fort, Nittahkachee, Col. Robert Cole and David Folsom, both half-breed Indians, Captain Daniel McCurtain, and Major John Pitchlynn, the U.S. Interpreter. cite web
url = http://www.choctawnation.com/History/index.cfm?fuseaction=HArticle&HArticleID=1
title = Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma
accessdate = 2008-04-17
author = Earl White
last = White
first = Earl
format = HTML
publisher = Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma]

The proposed route to Washington was to travel the Natchez trace to Nashville, Tennessee, then to Lexington, Kentucky, o­nward to Maysville, Kentucky, across the Ohio River northward to Chillicothe, Ohio, (former principal town of the Shawnee), then finally east over the “National Highway” to Washington City.

Meetings while in Washington City

.

Pushmataha met with President James Monroe and gave a speech to Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, reminding him of the longstanding alliances between the United States and the Choctaws. He said, " [I] can say and tell the truth that no Choctaw ever drew his bow against the United States ... My nation has given of their country until it is very small. We are in trouble."." cite book
last = Clarke
first = Hewitt
title = Thunder at Meridian
origdate = 1995
publisher = Lone Star Press
chapter = Chapter 1, "The Death of Koosa Town"
page = 51-52
id = ISBN 0964923106 ]

While in Washington, Pushmataha sat for a portrait by Charles Bird King in his Army uniform; it hung in the Smithsonian Institution until 1865.

Pushmataha also met with the Marquis de Lafayette, who was visiting Washington City. Pushmataha said, "Nearly fifty snows have melted since you drew your sword with Washington and fought the enemies of the United States ... Our hearts have longed to see you." cite book
last = Clarke
first = Hewitt
title = Thunder at Meridian
origdate = 1995
publisher = Lone Star Press
chapter = Chapter 1, "The Death of Koosa Town"
page = 52
id = ISBN 0964923106 ]

Terms

The preamble begins with,

The treaty had the following terms,

1. Lands ceded to the United States.
2. $6,000 to be paid to Choctaws annually, forever.
3. $6,000 to be paid them annually for 16 years.
4. Provision for Choctaws who may desire to remain.
5. A certain debt due by Choctaws relinquished.
6. Payment for services rendered in the Pensacola campaign.
7. Fourth article of the aforesaid treaty to be modified.
8. Payment to satisfy claims due by United States.
9. An agent and blacksmith for Choctaws west of the Mississippi.
10. Robert Cole to receive a medal.
11. Friendship perpetuated.
12. When to take effect.

ignatories

J. C. Calhoun, Mooshulatubbee, and John Pitchlynn were at the signing.

Aftermath

[
Rembrandt Peale.]

Apuckshunubbee died in Maysville, Kentucky; and Pushmataha died in Washington. Apuckshunubbee was reported to have died from a broken neck caused by a fall from a hotel balcony. [Cushman, p.274] Other historians say he fell from a cliff.

Pushmataha died of croup, even though the disease usually only afflicts infants and young children. Apuckshunubee's successor was Robert Cole and later Greenwood LeFlore. cite book
last = Perdue
first = Theda
title = Mixed Blood Indians
origdate = 2003
publisher = University of Georgia Press
chapter = Chapter 2, "Both White and Red," Biracial People in Indian Society
page = 45
id = ISBN 082032731X ] Pushmataha's successor was Nittakechi. The deaths of these two leaders effectively crippled the Choctaw Nation. Within six years the Choctaw were forced to cede their last remaining territory in Mississippi to the United States.

ee also

* List of Choctaw Treaties
*Treaty of Hopewell
*Treaty of Fort Adams
*Treaty of Fort Confederation
*Treaty of Hoe Buckintoopa
*Treaty of Mount Dexter
*Treaty of Fort St. Stephens
*Treaty of Doak's Stand
*Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek
* List of treaties

Citations

External links

* [http://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/Vol2/treaties/cho0211.htm Indian Affairs: Laws and Treaties (Treaty with the Choctaw, 1825)]


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