- Executive Order 13303
Executive Order 13303 was issued on
May 22 ,2003 byUnited States PresidentGeorge W. Bush to protect theDevelopment Fund for Iraq for the rebuilding ofIraq from any legal attachments orlien s. Further, it protects Iraqi oil products and interests andownership by USperson s (defined to include UScorporation s) from attachment as well. Executive Order 13303 also terminates sanctions specified in EO 12722, EO 12724, EO 13290, as it applies to the development fund. In effect, EO 13303 provides an extraordinarily broad legal shield for any and all contractors and mercenaries working in Iraq on behalf of US corporations in any oil related enterprise.Effects of EO 13303
The primary effect of EO 13303 is the legal protection of US oil companies. EO 13303 is part of a broader endeavor by the Bush administration to exert control over Iraqi oil revenues. The plan centers on the
Development Fund for Iraq , created by theUnited Nations and nominally controlled by the United States, with advice from theWorld Bank and theInternational Monetary Fund (IMF). The second part of the plan is EO 13303, providing absolute legal protection for US interests in Iraqi oil.Controversy
Critics of EO 13303 contend new
debt for Iraq will accrue from the new Development Fund for Iraq. They say that it will allow opportunities for grave abuses because it offers little illuminating context and its tone suggests the language should be read quite broadly. These concerns stem from the apparent likelihood the fund will be used to leverage US government and corporate interests.The
United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 1483 onMay 22 ,2003 , ending economic sanctions against Iraq while clearing a path for the transfer of over $1 billion from the Oil-for-Food program as seed money for establishment of the development fund. Critics are also alarmed because all proceeds from the sale of Iraqi oil and natural gas are to be placed into the fund, noting developing countries have amassed huge debts in exchange for selling out their natural resources to powerful corporations. Thisparadigm , they contend, cloakscorporate welfare andneocolonialism in terms of 'poverty alleviation', and now in Iraq as 'humanitarian assistance'.There are differences between the original text (UN Security Council Resolution 1483) and EO 13303, which may lead a court to hold implementation is overbroad.
ee also
*
KPMG audit of the Development Fund for Iraq
*Downing Street memo References
Online versions of EO 13303
* [http://a257.g.akamaitech.net/7/257/2422/14mar20010800/edocket.access.gpo.gov/2003/pdf/03-13412.pdf AkamaiTech.net (pdf)] - 'Executive Order 13303: Protecting the Development Fund for Iraq and Certain Other Property in Which Iraq Has an Interest' signed
May 22 2003 , "Federal Register "
* [http://www.reclaimdemocracy.org/articles_2003/executive_order_13303.html ReclaimDemocracy.org] - 'Executive Order 13303: Protecting the Development Fund for Iraq and Certain Other Property in Which Iraq Has an Interest' signedMay 22 2003 , the "Federal Register " (May 28 2003 )External links
* [http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/document/2003/0522resolution.htm UN resolution 1483] ,
May 22 2003
* [http://www.earthrights.org/news/eo13303.shtml EarthRights.org] - 'Outrageous Bush Executive Order on Iraq Oil Must Be Investigated' (July 28 2003 )
* [http://www.earthrights.org/news/eo13303memo.shtml EarthRights.org] - 'EarthRights International examines EO 13303 for possible illegality' (September 22 2003 )
* [http://mailman.greennet.org.uk/public/gaias-cafe/2004-June/001936.html GreenNet.org] - 'UN resolution could give Halliburton permanent immunity in Iraq', Jim Vallette (June 4 2004 )
* [http://www.tompaine.com/feature2.cfm/ID/8466 TomPaine.com] - 'Operation Oil Immunity', Steve Kretzmann, Jim Vallette (May 7 2004 )
* [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2003/aug2003/preo-a19_prn.shtml WSWS.org] - 'Bush grants permanent legal immunity to US corporations looting Iraqi oil'. Rick Kelly, World Socialist Web Site (August 19 2003 )
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