George Horton

George Horton was a member of the US diplomatic corps who held several consular offices, principally in Greece, in late 19th century and early 20th century. Horton came in Greece in 1893 and left Greece after 30 years in 1924. During two different periods he was the US Consul to İzmir/Smyrna, the first time between 1911-1917 (till the cessation of diplomatic relations between the U.S. and the Ottoman Empire during the First World War) and the second time between 1919-1922, during the Greek liberation of the city in the course of the Greco-Turkish War. George Horton was born on October 11, 1859 in Fairville, New York. In 1909, Horton married Catherine Sakopoulos and they had one daughter - Nancy Horton. Presently (2008) Nancy is living in Greece. Catherine was the daughter of Nikolas Sakopoulos from Milos and Ourania Hliadou Sakopoulos from Smyrna. Nikolas Sakopoulos was consul of Greece at Crete during the Cretan revolution 1866-1869, a consul at Smyrna and finally a Judge at Cairo. The father of Nikolas Sakopoulos, George Sakopoulos, was born in Syfnos on September 13, 1790 and he was a pilot aboard various French navy ships.

Today, George Horton is best remembered for his book about the events leading up to and during the fire. The book was published in 1926, and its title, "The Blight of Asia", refers to what he considered the abominable behavior of the Turks, and by extension, all of Islam.

Professional career

Horton was a literary man. He was a scholar of both Greek and Latin. He translated Sappho. He wrote a guide for the interpretation of Scripture. He wrote several books (novels) and was a renowned journalist in Chicago, a member of what was called the “Chicago Renaissance.”

Journalist

Horton started his career as a literary journalist, first as the literary editor of Chicago Times-Herald (1899-1901) and then as the editor of the literary supplement of Chicago American newspaper (1901-1903).

Diplomat

Horton was also a professional diplomat who loved Greece. He became U.S. Consul in Athens in 1893, where he actively promoted the revival of the Olympic Games and inspired the U.S. team's participation. He wrote a lyrical visitor's guide to Athens and composed a reflective description of his stay in Argolis.

Horton served twice as the U.S. Consul in Athens 1893-1898 and between 1905-1906. Horton was the US Consul in Salonika between 1910-1911.

He then served as U.S. Consul in Smyrna up to the U.S.'s break-off of diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire (1911-1917) in World War I. He served again as consul in Smyrna after the war (1919-1922) and remained in Smyrna until after the fire began on September 13, 1922, spending the last hours before his evacuation signing passes for those entitled to American protection and transportation to Piraeus.

The Blight of Asia

Today, Horton is most remembered for his 1926 account "The Blight of Asia" relating, among a variety of topics, the Great Fire of Smyrna that ravaged the city of İzmir, Turkey, starting on 13 September 1922, two days after the consul's departure from his post there on 11 September, and that lasted for 4 days. [The Blight of Asia, An Account of the Systematic Extermination of Christian Populations by Mohammedans and of the Culpability of Certain Great Powers; with the True Story of the Burning of Smyrna; George Horton, 1926. [http://www.hri.org/docs/Horton/HortonBook.htm Hellenic Resources Network] ] According to James L. Marketos, Horton wanted his book to make four main points. [ [http://ahiworld.org/pdfs/George_Horton_remarks.pdf American Hellenic Institute Forum] ]

First, he wanted to illustrate that the catastrophic events in Smyrna were merely “the closing act in a consistent program of exterminating Christianity throughout the length and breadth of the old Byzantine Empire.”

Second, he wanted to establish that the Smyrna fire was started by regular Turkish army troops with, as he put it, “fixed purpose, with system, and with painstaking minute details.”

Third, he wanted to emphasize that the Allied Powers shamefully elevated their selfish political and economic interests over the plight of the beleaguered Christian populations of Asia Minor, thereby allowing the Smyrna catastrophe to unfold without any effective resistance and, as he said, “without even a word of protest by any civilized government.”

And fourth, he wanted to illustrate that pious western Christians were deluded in thinking they were making missionary headway in the Muslim world.

By the time of publication Horton had resigned his diplomatic commission, and he wrote strictly in the capacity of a private citizen, drawing on his own observations and those of the people he quotes. His account remains as controversial as the fire itself. [ [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maney/byz/2006/00000030/00000001/art00005 IngentaConnect George Horton: the literary diplomat ] ] According to local London councilor Brian Coleman: "George Horton was a man of letters and United States Consul in Greece and Turkey at a time of social and political change. He writes of the re-taking of Smyrna by the Turkish army in September 1922. His account, however, goes beyond the blame and events to a demonization of Muslims, in general, and of Turks, in particular. In several of his novels, written more than two decades before the events of September 1922, he had already identified the Turk as the stock-in-trade villain of Western civilization. In his account of Smyrna, he writes not as historian, but as publicist." [ [http://www.maney.co.uk/search?fwaction=show&fwid=466 Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies] ]

Notes

References

*http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/horton.html

External links

* [http://www.hri.org/docs/Horton/HortonBook.htm "The Blight of Asia" online] .