Lutfi

Lutfi was a court official who lived in the Ottoman Empire during the 16th century. He was well-respected and an influential man.

Background

There is very little information on Lutfi therefore the dates of his birth and death are unknown; nothing beyond his services of the court are known either. In the document that Giancarlo Casele deems to be written by Lutfi himself, Lutfi calls himself “His Majesty’s Servant Lutfi.” ["Lutfi Bendeleri"] . He acted as "courier, and as bearer on [another] occasion of a message from the Ottoman sultan to the Acehnese."¹ From the writing of his report, we can conclude that he had formal education. The date that we do know is that one that was fixed in Lutfi's letter. His letter was "written in the middle of the month of Cemazi the Second in the year three and seventy and nine hundred²" which roughly translates to August 1565-6. In this time period, the Ottoman Empire and the Portuguese were having disputes over the Indian Ocean in terms of trade.

Career

From Lutfi’s title, it is already known that he was a servant of the court. However, his job descriptions braches out from there; "Lutfi is described as an experienced seaman, as a member of the Ottoman sultan's special corps of sea captains ["muteferrika re’isleri"] , and as the official escort of an Acehnese embassy to Istanbul³.” He was very popular among the Acehnese. "Lutfi was apparently so highly estemmed among the Acehnese that they requested he be sent back from Istanbul to Sumatra at his earliest convenience⁴." Lutfi's career is linked to Sokollu Mehmed Pasha. It was Sokollu who sent Lutfi to "investigate conditions in the region first-hand, and explore the possibility of expanding operations⁵." He was responsible for keeping Ottoman interests in the Indian Ocean as well as spreading the Islamic faith. He travelled to different places, namely Aceh and Sumatra.

Lutfi's mission for going to Aceh was to observe and report about the routes and had to "return to Istanbul with a judgement about whether or not it was feasible to send a shipment of military supplies⁶" that was asked for by the Acehnese.

Significance

The arrival of Lutfi caused much excitement to the places he went. "In the light of all this diplomatic activity, it can hardly be a coincidence that,in the years immediately following Lutfi's visit to Sumatra, Muslim political leaders clear across the Indian Ocean began to organize resistance to Portuguese rule in an impressiver and unprecendeted display of pan-Islamic unity.⁷"Lutfi was also a promoter of the Islamic faith. At a port in Aceh, Lutfi got into an argument with a Portuguese ship crew and "demanded the crew be forced to convert to Islam or be put to the sword for their insolence, and the Achnese sultan agreed⁸." Lutfi's letter, itself, has been a valuable document to historians "in any language about the political history of the Indian Ocean in this period⁹."

Extractions from Lutfi's Writing

"In the year nine hundred and seventy two. His Majesty's Servant Lutfi came here, and on his return journey he loaded sixteen kanters of pepper, silk, cinnamon, cloves, camphor, hisalbend, and other products from the "Lands below the Winds" onto a large famour ship known as the "Samadi"."

"In fact, when rulers of Ceylon and Calicut received news that your Majesty's servant Lutfi had arrived here, they sent ambassadors to us who proclaimed: "We are servants of his Imerpial Majesty..." and took an oath swearing that if your Imperial Majesty's propitious fleet were tro jouney to these lands, they themslves would come to the faith and profess the religion of Isman, and that likewise all of their infidel subjects would forsake false belief for the straight path of the one true religion."

References

1 - CASALE, Giancarlo "His Majesty's Servant Lutfi." Turcica. Vol 37. Pg 48

2 - CASALE pg 70

3 - CASALE pg 47-48 4 - CASALE ph 48

5 - CASALE pg 58

6 - CASALE pg 50

7 - CASALE pg 54

8 - CASALE pg 52

9 - CASALE pg 49

Further reading

Giancarlo Casale. "His Majesty's Servant Lutfi" http://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=2011700

Giancarlo Casale. "The Ottoman 'Discovery' of the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century: The Age of Exploration from an Islamic Perspective" http://www.historycooperative.org/proceedings/seascapes/casale.html

Sakin Erin. "Ottoman Empire's Role in the Emergence of the "European World." Chapter 3: The Intersection of the West and the East. A. The Global Stuggle Between the Ottoman and the Portuguese https://dspace.emich.edu:8443/dspace/bitstream/1970/215/2/thes_MA_06_ErinS_1.pdf