Carbonado

Carbonado, commonly known as the 'Black Diamond,' is a natural polycrystalline diamond found in alluvial deposits in the Central African Republic and Brazil. Its natural colour is black or dark grey, and it is more porous than other diamonds.

Unusual properties

The characteristics of carbonado noted in this section are based mainly on the summary of Heaney et al. (2005), [Heaney, P. J., Vicenzi, E. P., and De, Subarnarekha, 2005, "Strange diamonds: The mysterious origins of carbonado and framesite." Elements 1, pp. 85-89.] unless otherwise noted.

Carbonado diamonds are typically pea-sized or larger porous aggregates of many tiny crystals, black in color. The most characteristic carbonados have been found only in the Central African Republic and in Brazil, in neither place associated with kimberlite, the source of typical gem diamonds. Lead isotope analyses have been interpreted as documenting crystallization of carbonados about 3 billion years ago. The carbonados are found in younger sedimentary rocks.

Mineral grains included within diamonds have been studied extensively for clues to diamond origin. Some typical diamonds contain inclusions of common mantle minerals such as pyrope and forsterite, but such mantle minerals have not been observed in carbonado. In contrast, some carbonados do contain inclusions of minerals characteristic of the Earth’s crust: these inclusions do not necessarily establish formation of the diamonds in the crust, however, because these obvious crustal inclusions occur in the pores that are common in carbonados. These inclusions within pores may have been introduced after carbonado formation. Inclusions of other minerals, rare or nearly absent in the Earth’s crust, are found at least partly incorporated in diamond, not just in pores: among such other minerals are those with compositions of Si, SiC, and Fe‑Ni. No distinctive high-pressure minerals, including the hexagonal carbon polymorph, lonsdaleite, have been found as inclusions in carbonados, although such inclusions might be expected if carbonados formed by meteorite impact.

Isotope studies have yielded further clues to carbonado genesis. The carbon isotope value is very low (little carbon‑13 compared to carbon‑12, relative to typical diamonds).

Carbonado exhibits strong luminescence (photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence) induced by nitrogen and by vacancies existing in the crystal lattice. Luminescence halos are present around radioactive inclusions, and it is suggested that the radiation damage occurred after formation of the carbonados, [Kagi, H., Sato, S., Akagi, T., and Kanda, H., 2007, "Generation history of carbonado inferred from photoluminescence spectra, cathodoluminescence imaging, and carbon-isotopic composition." American Mineralogist 92, pp. 217-224] an observation perhaps pertinent to the radiation hypothesis listed below.

Theories on origin

The origin of carbonado is controversial. Some proposed hypotheses are as follows:

# Direct conversion of organic carbon under high-pressure conditions in the Earth's interior, the most common hypothesis for diamond formation
# Shock metamorphism induced by meteoritic impact at the Earth's surface
# Radiation-induced diamond formation by spontaneous fission of uranium and thorium
# An origin in interstellar space. [Garai, J., Haggerty, S. E., Rekhi, S., and Chance, M., 2006, Astrophysical Journal Letters, vol 653, pp L153-L156 http://www.fiu.edu/~jgara002/research%20statement/carbonado/carbonado-infrared.htm Infrared Absorption Investigations Confirm the Extraterrestrial Origin of Carbonado-Diamonds The study published in 2006 was by Stephen Haggerty and Jozsef Garai, of Florida International University, and Sandeep Rekhi and Mark Chance of Brookhaven National Laboratory; the data were acquired with infrared-detection instruments at Brookhaven. They have found that infrared absorption spectra of these diamonds are like those of diamonds of extraterrestrial origin; the significant peaks are due to trace abundances of the elements nitrogen and hydrogen. The researchers concluded that the mineral formed in an interstellar environment. In this sense, carbonado are theorized to be akin to carbon-rich cosmic dust, likely having formed in an environment near carbon stars. The diamonds were suggested to have been fragments of a body of asteroid size that subsequently fell to Earth as meteorites.]

Not one of these hypotheses for carbonado formation was generally accepted in the scientific literature by 2008. [Rondeau, B., Sautter, V., and Barjon, J., 2008, "New columnar texture of carbonado: Cathodoluminescence study." Diamond & Related Materials, in press, doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2008.04.006]

External links

* [http://www.nsf.gov/news/mmg/mmg_disp.cfm?med_id=59860&from=mn Photo of porous carbonado] at National Science Foundation
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/diamond/sky.html Photo of glossy carbonado and article on possible extraterrestrial origins] at PBS Nova

See also

*Material properties of diamond
*Amsterdam Diamond
*Spirit of de Grisogono Diamond

References