Expurgation

Expurgation is a form of censorship by way of purging anything noxious, offensive, sinful, or erroneous, usually from an artistic work. It has also been called bowdlerization, after Thomas Bowdler, who in 1818 published an expurgated edition of William Shakespeare's work that he considered to be more appropriate for women and children. He similarly edited Edward Gibbon's "Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire".

Examples

* In 1264, Clement IV ordered that the Jews of Aragon to submit their books to Dominican censors for expurgation. [Popper, William (1889). The Censorship of Hebrew Books. Knickerbocker Press, 13-14. ]
* The "Private Memoirs" of Kenelm Digby (1603–1665) were finally published in 1828 in a bowdlerized form.
* "Fanny Hill" (1748) was self-censored by author John Cleland in a 1750 edition. A modern edition was banned until Memoirs v. Massachusetts overturned the ban.
* "Justine" (1791, also known as "The Misfortunes of Virtue") was not completely translated to English until 1953 by Austryn Wainhouse.
* Several themes in the play "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof" were toned down in the 1958 film of the same name, resulting in the playwright Tennessee Williams advising people to not view the film.
*"Lysistrata", by Aeschylus, was bowdlerized in all English translations before 1960.
* In 1986, to mark the centenary of Lofting's birth, new editions of "Doctor Dolittle" were published, in which derogatory terms and images for certain ethnic groups were removed.

See also

* Inquisition

References