Renier of Montferrat

Renier of Montferrat (1162–1183; in Italian, Ranieri di Monferrato) was the fifth son of William V of Montferrat and Judith of Babenberg. He became son-in-law of the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos and "Caesar" in 1180, and was later murdered in a Byzantine power-struggle.

It was Manuel who suggested the marriage of his daughter Maria the Porphyrogenita to a son of William V. Since Conrad and Boniface were already married, and Frederick was in the priesthood, the only eligible son was the youngest, 17-year-old Renier. The Byzantine chronicler Niketas Choniates described him as handsome, blond (his hair "shone like the sun") and beardless.

Renier arrived in Constantinople in autumn 1179 and soon afterwards accompnied Manuel on a military expedition. His marriage to the 27-year-old Maria took place at the Church of St Mary, Blachernai, in February 1180. The wedding was celebrated with lavish festivity including games in the Hippodrome of Constantinople, as fully described by the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem, William of Tyre, who happened to be present. [William of Tyre, "Historia Transmarina" 22.4.] Renier was given the title "Caesar", was renamed John, and (according to some Western sources) was granted Thessalonica, [Robert of Torigni, "Chronicle", 1844 edition p. 528; Sicard of Cremona, "Chronicle", 1903 edition p. 173.] presumably as an estate for life, a "pronoia". Maria was second in line to the throne, and had only been deprived of the succession by the birth of her much younger half-brother Alexios. Thus Renier became entangled in the perpetual power struggle around the Byzantine throne.

With the death of Manuel in September 1180, the throne fell to the boy Alexios II, with his mother, the empress dowager Maria, acting as regent. The Empress caused a scandal by taking the "protosebastos" Alexios Komnenos as a lover. This, combined with her Latin-friendly views, triggered a plot to end the regency (or, as some describe it, to overthrow the Emperor) and give power to Maria and Renier. The plot was discovered, and several conspirators arrested. Maria and Renier sought refuge in the Hagia Sofia cathedral with some 150 of their followers. Fighting ensued, later dubbed the "Holy War" as it took place in that most holy church. Eventually, the conspirators were offered an amnesty to end the hostilities.

Both the Emperor and the conspirators soon fell victim to another usurper, however, as Manuel's cousin and rival Andronikos Komnenos returned from exile, apparently with Maria's encouragement, and, more importantly, with an army in support. Andronikos' takeover was marked by the massacre of the Latin population that followed. Maria died soon afterwards, allegedly by poison: she was, no doubt, a potential focus of opposition to the usurper. Renier seems to have shared her fate, [Niketas Choniates p. 260 van Dieten.] though his death is noted by very few sources. [Sicard of Cremona, "Chronicle", 1903 edition p. 172.]

Alexios II was forced to recognise Andronikos as his co-Emperor, and was later murdered. The Latin massacre had not been forgotten, twenty years later, when the leaders of the Fourth Crusade found reasons to divert their expedition to Constantinople. Later sources suggest that Renier's surviving older brother Boniface based his claim to Thessalonica on his late brother's title. [E.g. Salimbene de Adam, "Chronicle", 1966 edition vol. 2 p. 790. Cf. Harv|Runciman|1951-1954|loc=vol. 3 p. 125, and for full discussion Harv|Haberstumpf|1995|p=56-67.]

Notes

ources

* Nicetas Choniates, "Historia", ed. J.-L. Van Dieten, 2 vols., Berlin and New York, 1975; trans. as "O City of Byzantium, Annals of Niketas Choniates", by H.J. Magoulias, Detroit; Wayne State University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-8143-1764-2

Bibliography

* Brand, Charles M. "Byzantium Confronts the West", 1968, ISBN 0-7512-0053-0
* Garland, Lynda, & Stone, Andrew, [http://www.roman-emperors.org/maryp.htm "Maria Porphyrogenita, daughter of Manuel I Comnenus", "De Imperatoribus Romanis"] (external link)
*Harvard reference | Surname=Haberstumpf | Given=Walter | Title=Dinastie europee nel Mediterraneo orientale. I Monferrato e i Savoia nei secoli XII–XV | Place=Torino | Year=1995 | URL=http://centri.univr.it/RM/biblioteca/scaffale/volumi.htm#Walter%20Haberstumpf
*Queller, Donald E. & Madden, Thomas F. "The Fourth Crusade: The Conquest of Constantinople" (2nd Edition, 1999) ISBN 0-8122-1713-6
*Harvard reference | Surname=Runciman | Given=Steven | Title=A history of the Crusades | Publisher=Cambridge University Press | Place=Cambridge | Year=1951-1954
*Usseglio, Leopoldo. "I Marchesi di Monferrato in Italia ed in Oriente durante i secoli XII e XIII", 1926.