United States Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations

The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (PSI) is the oldest subcommittee of the U.S. Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs (formerly the Committee on Government Operations).

Recent investigations

In 2004 - 2005, the subcommittee began investigating abuses in the United Nations Oil-for-Food program in which the Swiss company Cotecna paid the consulting fees of UN Secretary General Kofi Annan's son Kojo.

History

The Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations was created at the same time as the Committee on Government Operations in 1952.

According to Ruth Young Watt, chief clerk of the subcommittee for more than 30 years, the subcommittee calls itself "permanent" but it really is not; nor is it independent of the full Government Operations (now Governmental Affairs) Committee. The PSI has, however, been a useful and powerful tool for several of the chairmen of the committee because it has a broad mandate to investigate inefficiency, mismanagement, and corruption in government.

Truman Committee

The PSI is sometimes thought of as the successor to the U.S. Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program, 1941-1948, also known as the "Truman Committee". The Truman Committee under then Senator Harry S. Truman established a process and precedent whereby investigators could obtain copies of an individual or corporate tax return.

enate War Investigating Committee

When the Truman Committee was terminated in 1948, the Investigations Subcommittee of the Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments continued that committee's investigation of war contracts and procurement of the Hughes XF-11 reconnaissance aircraft, and the H-4 Hercules flying boat ("Spruce Goose"). The subcommittee also assumed responsibility for the records of the Truman Committee.

Under the chairmanship of Homer S. Ferguson of Michigan (1948) and Clyde R. Hoey of North Carolina (1949-1952), the Investigations Subcommittee of the Committee on Expenditures in Executive Departments held hearings on such matters as export control violations, for which Soviet spy William Remington was called in to testify; the trial of Nazi war criminal Ilse Koch; and the Mississippi Democratic Party's sale of postal jobs, which Mississippians from rural areas attested to purchasing. A much larger scandal erupted with the "5 percenters"," so-called because these men, including Presidential aide Harry Vaughan, were accused of charging a 5-percent commission for their influence in securing government contracts. A legislative reform as a result of the hearings was a restriction of one year after leaving government employment before an attorney could practice law again before the government.

Korean War Atrocities

As news of war crimes during the Korean War unfolded, the Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities was headed by Charles Potter, and began an investigation of forced marches, maltreatments of prisoners, and shooting and killing of prisoners shortly after capture. [cite news
first = Charles
last = Potter
authorlink = Charles Potter
title = Korean War Atrocities
url = http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/KW-atrocities-part2.pdf
format = PDF, online
work = United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations.
publisher = US GPO
date = December 3, 1953
accessdate =2008-01-18
quote = We marched 2 days. The first night we got some hay and we slept in the hay cuddling together to keep warm. The second night we slept in pigpens, about 6 inches space between the logs. That night I froze my feet. Starting out again the next morning after bypassing the co:~voy I picked up two rubber boots, what we call snow packs. They was both for the left foot. I put those on. After starting out the second morning, I didn't have time to massage my feet to get them thawed out. I got marching the next 16 days after that. During that march all the meat had worn off my feet, all the skin had dropped off, nothing but the bones showing. After arriving in Kanggye they put us up there in mud huts, Korean mud huts. We stayed there-all sick and wounded most of us was-stayed there in -the first part of January 1951. Then the Chinese come around in the night about 12 o'clock and told ns those who was sick and wounded they was going to move us out to the hospital, which we knew better. There could have been such a thing but we didn't think so. --Sgt. Wendell Treffery, RA-115660. ]

Joseph McCarthy

In the 83rd Congress, under its new chairman, Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin, the subcommittee (now known as the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations or PSI) greatly increased the number of investigations and number of witnesses called. His subcommittee held 169 hearings throughout 1953 and 1954. Of the 653 people called by the Committee during a 15 month period, 83 refused to answer questions about espionage and subversive activities on constitutional grounds and their names were made public. Nine additional witnesses invoked the Fifth Amendment in executive session, and their names were not made public. Some of the 83 were working or had worked for the U.S. Army, the U.S. Navy, the Government Printing Office, the Treasury Department, the Office of War Information, the Office of Strategic Services, and the Veterans Administration. Others were or had been employed at the Federal Telecommunications Laboratories in New Jersey, the secret radar laboratories of the Army Signal Corps in New Jersey, and General Electric defense plants in Massachusetts and New York. Nineteen of the 83, including well known communist party members James S. Allen, Herbert Aptheker, and Earl Browder, were summoned because their writings were being carried in U.S. Information Service libraries around the world.

The hearings also investigated such matters as communist infiltration of the United Nations; Korean War atrocities; and the transfer to the Soviet Union of occupation currency plates.

In April 1954, McCarthy's exchange of charges with Secretary of the Army Robert T. Stevens led to the appointment of a special subcommittee of the PSI to investigate the charges. Chaired by Karl Mundt of South Dakota, the proceedings became known as the Army-McCarthy Hearings.

Labor racketeering

From 1955 until 1972, John L. McClellan of Arkansas chaired the PSI. McClellan continued extensive hearings of the Army Signal Corps at Fort Monmouth, New Jersey, and added new inquiries relating to communist activities in the United States and to business activities and alleged improper activities by Eisenhower Administration appointees and political associates. In the 86th Congress (1957), members of the Subcommittee were joined by Members of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare on a special committee to investigate labor racketeering. Chaired by Senator McClellan and staffed by Robert F. Kennedy, the Subcommittee’s chief counsel, and other staff members, this special committee directed much of its attention to criminal influence over the International Brotherhood of Teamsters, most famously calling Teamsters’ leaders Dave Beck and Jimmy Hoffa to testify. The televised hearings of the special committee also introduced Senators Barry Goldwater and John F. Kennedy to the nation, as well as leading to passage of the Landrum-Griffin Labor Act.

After the select committee expired in 1960, the PSI continued to investigate labor racketeering and other labor-related matters. From 1961 through 1968, it also investigated gambling and organized crime in which Joe Valachi testified about the activities of the "Cosa Nostra", the Billie Sol Estes case, irregularities in missile procurement, procurement of the TFX fighter plane, excessive risks in underwriting Federal Housing Administration mortgages, riots, and civil disorders, the Agency for International Development commodity import program, and procurement of railway bridges for South Vietnam under the counterinsurgency program. The Subcommittee’s investigations also led to passage of major legislation against organized crime, most notably the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) provision of the Crime Control Act of 1970.

In 1973, Senator Henry "Scoop" Jackson, a Democrat from Washington, replaced McClellan as the Subcommittee’s chairman and Senator Charles Percy, an Illinois Republican, became the Ranking Minority Member. During Senator Jackson’s chairmanship, the Subcommittee conducted landmark hearings into energy shortages and the operation of the oil industry.

Nunn-Roth era

The regular reversals of political fortunes in the Senate of the 1980s and 1990s saw Senator Sam Nunn trade chairmanship three times with Delaware Republican William Roth. Nunn served from 1979 to 1980 and again from 1987 to 1995, while Roth served from 1981 to 1986, and again from 1995 to 1996. Senator Roth led a wide range of investigations into commodity investment fraud, off-shore banking schemes, money laundering, and child pornography. Senator Nunn inquired into federal drug policy, the global spread of chemical and biological weapons, abuses in federal student aid programs, computer security, airline safety, and health care fraud.

Tenures of Collins, Levin, and Coleman

In January 1997 Republican Senator Susan Collins of Maine became the first woman to chair the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations. Her Chairmanship was also notable in that she held the Senate seat of former Maine Senator Margaret Chase Smith, an opponent of Senator McCarthy. Senator John Glenn of Ohio became Ranking Member. Upon Senator Glenn’s retirement from the Senate, Senator Carl Levin became Ranking Member in 1999. In June 2001, when the Democrats resumed control of the Senate, Senator Levin assumed the chairmanship of the Subcommittee until January 2003 when Senator Norm Coleman assumed the Chairmanship. When the Democrats took control of the Senate in January 2007, the chairmanship reverted back to Senator Levin.

Oil-for-Food Program Hearings

In December 2004, Coleman called for United Nations Secretary-general Kofi Annan to resign because of the "UN's utter failure to detect or stop Saddam's abuses" in the UN's Oil-for-Food program and because of fraud allegations against Annan's son relating to the same program. In May 2005 the subcommittee held hearings on their investigation of abuses of the UN Oil-for-Food program, including oil smuggling, illegal kickbacks and use of surcharges, and Saddam Hussein's use of oil vouchers for the purpose of buying influence abroad. These hearings covered certain corporations, including Bayoil Inc., and several well-known political figures, including Russian politician Vladimir Zhironovsky, but received significant media attention for the combative appearance of British Member of Parliament George Galloway, a member of the RESPECT The Unity Coalition (Respect), a then-new British political party, in which the MP forcefully rejected the allegations. [ [http://www.onlinejournal.org/Special_Reports/052105Madsen/052105madsen.html "Galloway tongue-lashes Coleman; committee documents show Bush political friends and family paid Oil-for-Food kickbacks to Saddam Hussein" — Online Journal 5/21/05] ] [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4557369.stm "Media react to blistering hearing" — BBC News 5/17/05] ]

Members, 110th Congress

The Subcommittee is chaired by Democrat Carl Levin of Michigan, and the Ranking Minority member is Republican Norm Coleman of Minnesota

References

* Anthony Baltakis; "On the Defensive: Walter Reuther's Testimony before the McClellan Labor Rackets Committee." "Michigan Historical Review". Volume: 25. Issue: 2. 1999. pp 47+.
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=154328 John L. McClellan; "Crime without Punishment" (1962)]
* Schlesinger Jr. Arthur M. "Robert Kennedy and His Times" (1978). Kennedy was a Committee staff member 1952-1959, and Chief Counsel 1955-59.

External links

* [http://hsgac.senate.gov/index.cfm?Fuseaction=Subcommittees.Home&SubcommitteeID=11&Initials=PSI Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations] , Official site
* Executive Sessions of the Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Government Operations, Eighty-third Congress, First Session (1953): [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol1.pdf Volume 1] [PDF 950 pages] , [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol2.pdf Volume 2] [PDF 900 pages] , [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol3.pdf Volume 3] [PDF 927 pages] , [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol4.pdf Volume 4] [PDF 920 pages] , [http://news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/mccarthy/hearingsvol5.pdf Volume 5] [PDF 619 pages]
* [http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/watt_interview_3.pdf Transcript of an interview with Ruth Young Watt] , via Senate.gov