Bernard Orchard

Dom Bernard Orchard OSB MA (born 3 May 1910, died aged 96 on 28 November 2006) was an English Catholic Benedictine monk, headmaster and biblical scholar.

Early Life and Education

John Archibald Henslowe Orchard, the son of a farmer, was born in Bromley, Kent. He was educated at Ealing Priory School (to which he would in later life return as headmaster), and on leaving in 1927 became its first pupil since foundation in 1902 to go to university, winning a place at Fitzwilliam House, in the University of Cambridge, where he read History and Economics. At Ealing Priory he shared classes with Reginald C. Fuller with whom he would in later life collaborate on scholarly projects.

Monk

After graduating Orchard taught initially at a preparatory school before in 1932 taking the monastic habit at Downside Abbey, adopting the name Bernard; he was subsequently ordained as a Roman Catholic priest in 1939. At Downside he both taught at the school, took the role of choirmaster and began his career as a biblical scholar under the tutelage of Abbots John Chapman and Christopher Butler. From 1943 he took advantage of Divino Afflante Spiritu, the papal encyclical of Pope Pius XII, which for the first time permitted modern methods of biblical criticism to be employed by Catholics, to embark upon [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=99240477 "a Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture"] , eventually published in 1951.

t Benedict’s School

After 13 years at Downside its then Abbot, Sigebert Trafford, instructed Orchard to take on the headship of Ealing Priory School. The school, which had been established in 1902 as a dependency of Downside, was by 1945 in a state in which closure rather than growth seemed the more likely prospect. Orchard, however, threw himself into the task of revitalising the school, which he renamed St Benedict's School, and by 1947 succeeded in achieving recognition by the Ministry of Education as efficient (thus enabling it to participate in the teachers’ pension scheme). In 1951 Orchard was admitted to the Headmasters' Conference, giving St Benedict’s the status of a public school, the only Catholic day school to achieve this position.

By 1959, Rupert Hall, Abbot of the by then independendent Ealing Abbey, was concerned that Orchard’s ambitions for the school exceeded the financial capability of the monastic community, and requested that Orchard resign his position as headmaster in 1960. The death of his successor after just one term and the resignation of his successor after five years resulted in Orchard being called upon to resume the headship of the school in 1965, a position he held until a further dispute over his ambitions for expansion led to his resignation a second time in 1969.

Biblical Scholar

After completing his biblical commentary in 1951, and in addition to his headmaster’s duties, Orchard embarked with Reginald C. Fuller, his erstwhile fellow Ealing Priory pupil, on producing a new translation of the Bible, suitable for both liturgical and academic use, which was published in 1967.

At the age of 60, and finally free from stewardship of the school, Orchard resumed his career as a biblical scholar in earnest. He participated in the establishment in 1969 and was the second General Secretary (1970-1972) of the [http://www.c-b-f.org/ World Catholic Federation] and, displaying the same vigour evident in his revival of St Benedict's School, organised and financed a series of international conferences on the gospels. During the 1970s he spent four years as spiritual director of the [http://www.bedacollege.com/ Beda College] in Rome and took up the position of Visiting Professor of New Testament Studies at the University of Dallas, Texas, before returning to the community at Ealing for the remainder of his life.

Following in the footsteps of his mentor Christopher Butler, Orchard promulgated, in the face of general scholarly scepticism, the Griesbach hypothesis, which he renamed the Two-Gospel Hypothesis, which maintained that the Gospel of Matthew was the first and the Gospel of Mark the last, being a synthesis of Matthew’s Gospel and the Gospel of Luke. To his old age he remained a familiar face in biblical circles, lecturing worldwide in support of his hypothesis and, at the age of 95, publicly declined the invitation of Cormac Murphy-O'Connor, the Archbishop of Westminster to attend a lecture which would support the priority of Mark’s Gospel.

Publications

Books
* "a Catholic Commentary on Holy Scripture" (1951) (editor)
* "Catholic Edition of the Revised Standard Version of the Bible", (ed., with Reginald C Fuller), London (1967)
* "The Common Bible", (ed., with Reginald C Fuller), London (1973)
* "Matthew, Luke & Mark", Koinonia Press, Manchester (1976)
* "A New Catholic Commentary", (General Editor), London (1969)
* "Synopsis of the Four Gospels in English" (1982)
* "Synopsis of the Four Gospels in Greek" (1983),
* "The Order of the Synoptics" (with H. Riley) (1987)
* "Born to be King - The Epic of the Incarnation (A theological application of the Matthean Priority Hypothesis)", Ealing Abbey Scriptorium, London (1993)
* "The Origin and Evolution of the Gospels", Ealing Abbey Scriptorium, London 1993

Articles
*"Thessalonians and the Synoptic Gospels", [http://www.bsw.org/index.php?l=71 Biblica] : 19 (1938) 19-42
* "The Rejection of Christ", [http://www.periodicals.com/html/ihp_e.html?ed03151 Downside Review] LVI (1938) 410-426
* "The Persecution of Christ", Downside Review LVII (1939) 189-198
* "The Two Year Public Ministry Viewed and Reviewed", Downside Review LVII (1939) 308-339
* "St Paul and the Book of Daniel", Biblica: 20 (1939) 172-179
* " [http://jts.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/os-XLIII/171-172/173 A Note on the Meaning of Galatians 2: 3-5] ", Journal of Theological Studies Vol. 43 (1942) 173-177
* "A New Solution of the Galatians Problem", [http://www.library.manchester.ac.uk/specialcollections/information/publications/bulletin/ Bulletin of the John Rylands Library] No. 28 (1944) 154-174
* "The Problem of Acts and Galatians", Catholic Biblical Quarterly: 7 (1945) 377-397
* "Prayers We have in Common: The Biblical Aspect", [http://www.saintjohnsabbey.org/worship/ Worship] : 47 No. 3 (March 1973) 144-149
* "The Meaning of ton epiousion (Mt 6:11 = Lk 11:3)", [http://academic.shu.edu/btb/ Biblical Theology Bulletin] III-3 (1973), 274-282
* "The Ellipsis between Galatians 2:3 and 2:4", Biblica: 54 (1973) 469-481
* "Priestly Training according to the Gospels", Omnis Terra (English Edition): 58 (February 1974)
* "Once again the Ellipsis between Galatians 2:3 and 2:4", Biblica: 57 (1976) 254-255
* "J.A.T. Robinson and the Synoptic Problem", [http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayJournal?jid=NTS New Testament Studies] : 22 (1975/1976) 346-452
* [http://assets.cambridge.org/97805210/20558/frontmatter/9780521020558_frontmatter.pdf "J J Griesbach: Synoptic and Text Critical Studies 1776-1976"] , [https://www.surfgroepen.nl/sites/SNTS/default.aspx Society for New Testament Studies] , (1978)
* "Are All Gospel Synopses Biased?" Theologische Zeitschrift: 34 (1978) 149-162
* "Ellipsis and Parenthesis in Gal 2:1-10 and 2 Thess 2:1-12", Paul de Tarse - Apotre de Notre Temps (Rome: Basilica di San Paulo-f-1-m, (1979))
* "Some Guidelines for the Interpretation of Eusebius H.E. Ill 34-39", Festschrift in Honour of Bo Reicke, Basle (1979)
* "Why THREE Synoptic Gospels?" [http://itq.sagepub.com/ Irish Theological Quarterly] : 46 No. 4 (1979)
* "The Solution of the Synoptic Problem", [http://www.ushaw.ac.uk/cba/index.php Scripture Bulletin] , XVIII, No. 1. Winter (1987)
* "The Formation of the Synoptic Gospels", Downside Review, Vol. 106 No. 362 (Jan 1988) 1-16
* "The Evolution of the Gospels", CTS Publications (CTS SC60), London (1990)
* "Response to H. Merkel" (Ancient Patristic Testimony to the Gospels), The Interrelations of the Gospels, (ed. David L Dungan), Leuven 1990, 591-604
* "Mark and the Fusion of Traditions", The Four Gospels - Festschrift Frans Neirynck, Leuven (1992), 779-800
* [http://www.churchinhistory.org/pages/orchard/annales.pdf "The Making and Publication of Mark's Gospel: An Historical Investigation"] , Annales Theologici 1, (1993), 369-393
* [http://www.churchinhistory.org/pages/orchard/oeg.pdf The Origin and Evolution of the Gospels] , (1993)
* "The Publication of Mark's Gospel", The Synoptic Gospels - Source Criticism and The New Literary Criticism, ed. Camille Focant, Leuven (1993), 518-520.
* "Josephus and the Unnamed Priests of his Roman Mission", Downside Review, Vol. 113 No. 393 (October 1995) 248-270
* [http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/1996/9605scrp.asp "Dei Verbum and the Synoptic Gospels"] , This Rock (1996)
* [http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Homiletic/2001-10/orchard.html "The Bethrothal and Marriage of Mary to Joseph"] , Homiletic and Pastoral Review, Volume CII No 1 (October 2001)
* [http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Homiletic/2001-11/orchard.html "The Bethrothal and Marriage of Mary to Joseph"] , Homiletic and Pastoral Review, Volume CII No 2 (November 2001)

References

*Obituary: cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1536281/Dom-Bernard-Orchard.html |title=Dom Bernard Orchard |accessdate=2008-05-30 |author= |date=2006-12-08 |publisher=The Telegraph