- Papal conclave, 1534
The Papal conclave of 1534 (
October 11 –October 13 ) was convened after the death of Pope Clement VII, and elected as his successor cardinal Alessandro Farnese, who becamePope Paul III .List of participants
Pope Clement VII died onSeptember 25 ,1534 . At the time of his death, there were forty six Cardinals, but only thirty three of them participated in the election of his successor [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xvi.htm#1534 List of participants of the conclave of 1534] (by Salvador Miranda). Informations about titles and offices held by Cardinals accordnig to their biographical entries on [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/essay.htm Essay of a General List of Cardinals] by Salvador Miranda] :*Alessandro Farnese (created Cardinal on
September 20 ,1493 ) –Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia e Velletri ; "commendatario" of S. Eustachio;Dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals ;Bishop of Parma andBishop of Saint-Pons-de-Thomières ; Archpriest of the patriarchalLateran Basilica *
Giovanni Piccolomini (July 1 ,1517 ) –Cardinal-Bishop of Porto e Santa Rufina ; Sub-dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals*
Giovanni Domenico de Cupis (July 1, 1517) –Cardinal-Bishop of Sabina ; "commendatario" of S. Lorenzo in Lucina; Bishop ofNardò ; Administrator ofTrani , Macerata e Recanati,Adria and Montepeloso*
Bonifacio Ferreri (July 1, 1517) –Cardinal-Bishop of Palestrina *
Lorenzo Campeggio (July 1, 1517) –Cardinal-Bishop of Albano ; Administrator ofSalisbury , Porenza andCrete ; Cardinal-protector of England*
Matthew Lang von Wellenberg (March 10 ,1511 ) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Angelo in Pescheria; Archpriest of the Sacred College of Cardinals;Archbishop of Salzburg ;Bishop of Cartagena *
Louis de Bourbon de Vendôme (July 1, 1517) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Sabina;Bishop of Laon ; Administrator ofLe Mans *
Benedetto degli Accolti (May 3 ,1527 ) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Eusebio; Archbishop ofRavenna ; Administrator ofCremona ,Policastro andBovino ; Cardinal-protector ofSpain *
Agostino Spinola (May 3, 1527) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Apollinare;Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church ; Administrator ofSavona *
Marino Grimani (May 3, 1527) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Marcello; Administrator ofCeneda ,Concordia andCittà di Castello *
Antonio Sanseverino , O.S.Io.Hieros. (November 21, 1527) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Maria in Trastevere; Archbishop ofTaranto ; Cardinal-protector of the Order ofCapuchins *
Giovanni Vincenzo Carafa (November 21, 1527) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Pudenziana; Administrator ofAnglona *
Andrea Matteo Palmieri (November 21, 1527) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Clemente; Administrator ofLucera ; Camerlengo of the Sacred College of Cardinals*
Francisco Quiñones (December 7 , 1527) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Croce in Gerusalemme; Governor ofVeroli andCampagna *
Francesco Cornaro (December 20 , 1527) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Ciriaco alla Terme; Archpriest of the patriarchalVatican Basilica *
Ippolito de' Medici (January 10 ,1529 ) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Lorenzo in Damaso;Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church ; Archbishop ofAvignon ; Administrator ofMonreale andLecce ; Legate in Marche*
François de Tournon (March 9 ,1530 ) – Cardinal-Priest of SS. Marcellino e Pietro;Archbishop of Bourges *Antonio Pucci (
September 22 ,1531 ) – Cardinal-Priest of SS. IV Coronati;Grand penitentiary ;Bishop of Pistoia and Vannes; Cardinal-protector ofPoland andPortugal *
Esteban Gabriel Merino (February 21 ,1533 ) – Cardinal-Priest of SS. Giovanni e Paolo;Patriarch of the West Indies ; Bishop ofJaén *
Jean Le Veneur (November 7 , 1533) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Bartolomeo all’Isola;Bishop of Lisieux *
Philippe de la Chambre , O.S.B. (November 7, 1533) – Cardinal-Priest of SS. Martino ai Monti*
Innocenzo Cibo (September 23 ,1513 ) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Domnica;Protodeacon of Sacred College of Cardinals; Archbishop ofGenoa ; Administrator ofTurin ; Legate inBologna *
Paolo Emilio Cesi (July 1, 1517) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Eustachio; Administrator of Orte e Civita Castellana; Archpriest of the patriarchalLiberian Basilica ; Prefect of the Apostolic Signature; Cardinal-protector of theDuchy of Savoy *
Alessandro Cesarini (July 1, 1517) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Via Lata; Administrator ofPampeluna ,Gerace andOtranto *
Giovanni Salviati (July 1, 1517) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Cosma e Damiano; Administrator ofSanta Severina ,Ferrara ,Teano andBitetto *
Nicolò Ridolfi (July 1, 1517) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria in Cosmedin; Administrator of Vicenza,Imola andSalerno *
Agostino Trivulzio (July 1, 1517) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Adriano; Administrator ofToulon andBayeux ; Legate in Marittima e Capmagna*
Francesco Pisani (July 1, 1517) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Marco; "commendatario" of S. Maria in Portico and S. Agata in Suburba; Bishop ofPadua ; Administrator ofTreviso andCittànova *
Jean de Lorraine (May 28 ,1518 ) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Onofrio;Bishop of Metz ; Administrator ofNarbonne ,Reims andVerdun *
Ercole Gonzaga (May 3, 1527) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Maria Nuova; Bishop ofMantua ; Governor ofTivoli ; Cardinal-protector of Spain*
Girolamo Grimaldi (November 21, 1527) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Giorgio in Velabro; Administrator ofBari ,Brugnato andVenafro *
Girolamo Doria (January, 1529) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Tommaso in Parione; Administrator ofNoli andTarragona *
Odet de Coligny de Châtillon (November 7, 1533) – Cardinal-Deacon of SS. Sergio e Bacco; Administrator ofToulouse Among the electors there were twenty four Italians, six French, two Spaniards and one German. Eighteen of them were creatures of Clement VII and thirteen of
Leo X . Cardinal Dean Farnese was created byAlexander VI , while Cardinal Lang von Wellenberg byJulius II .Absentees
Thirteen Cardinals did not participate in this conclave:
*
François Guillaume de Castelnau-Clermont-Lodève (November 29 1503 ) –Cardinal-Bishop of Frascati ,Archbishop of Auch ;Bishop of Agde ; Legate inAvignon *
Albert of Mainz (March 24 , 1518) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Pietro in Vincoli;Archbishop of Mainz ;Archbishop of Magdeburg ; Administrator ofHalberstadt *
Eberhard von der Mark (August 9 ,1520 ) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Crisogono;Bishop of Liège ; Administrator of Valencia*
Antoine du Prat (November 21, 1527) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Anastasia;Archbishop of Sens ; Administrator ofAlbi andMeaux ;Chancellor of the Kingdom of France *
Bernhard von Cles (March 9, 1530) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Stefano al Monte Celio;Bishop of Trent ; president of the Imperial Secret Council*
Louis de Gorrevod (March 9, 1530) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Cesareo in Palatio;Bishop of Bourg-en-Bresse ; Papal Legate in theDuchy of Savoy *
Juan García de Loaysa , O.P. (March 9, 1530) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Anastasia;Bishop of Sigüenza ; president of "Consejo Real y Supremo de las Indias"*
Íñigo López de Mendoza y Zúñiga (March 9, 1530) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Nicola in Carcere Tulliano;Bishop of Burgos *
Alfonso de Manrique (February 22 ,1531 ) – Cardinal-Priest of SS. XII Apostoli;Archbishop of Seville ;Grand Inquisitor of Spain*
Juan Pardo de Tavera (February 22, 1531) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Giovanni a Porta Latina;Archbishop of Toledo ; president of the Royal Council of Spain*
Claude de Longwy de Givry (November 7, 1533) – Cardinal-Priest of S. Agnese in Agone; Administrator ofPoitiers andLangres *
Alfonso de Portugal (July 1, 1517) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Lucia in Septisolio;Archbishop of Lisbon andEvora *
Niccolò Gaddi (May 3, 1527) – Cardinal-Deacon of S. Teodoro;Bishop of Fermo ; Administrator ofCosenza andSarlat ; Cardinal-protector of FranceNine absentees were creatures of Clement VII, three of Leo X and one of Julius II. Among them, there were four French, four Spaniards, three Germans and one Italian (Gaddi); Alfonso de Portugal was
Infant of theKingdom of Portugal .Divisions among Cardinals
College of Cardinals was divided into three factionsL. Pastor, p. 7-8] :* Italian party – it grouped ten Italian Cardinals (Pucci, Salviati, Ridolfi, Medici, Cibo, Spinola, Grimaldi, Cupis, Cesi and Doria). Their leader was Vice-Chancellor
Ippolito de' Medici ,Cardinal-nephew of Clement VII.* French party – it included six French Cardinals and four Italians (Trivulzio, Sanseverino, Pisani and Palmieri). The leaders of this party were de Lorraine and Tournon.
* Imperial faction – included seven Italians (Piccolomini, Cesarini, Vincenzo Carafa, Ercole Gonzaga, Campeggio, Grimani and Accolti) as well as two Spanish Cardinals and German Cardinal Lang.
Cardinals Farnese, Ferreri and Cornaro were considered neutral.
Candidates to the papacy
Although several Cardinals were considered
papabili , it was generally thought that Cardinal Alessandro Farnese, dean of the Sacred College, has the best prospects for the election [L. Pastor, p. 9-10] . He had already official support of the kingFrancis I of France and of Cardinal Medici, leader of Italian party, who realized this way the will of his uncle Clement VII [L. Pastor, p. 9] , but, as neutral, he was also acceptable for the Imperial faction. Emperor Charles V declared this time a total disinterest in the result of the papal election, because the last two Popes, Clement VII andAdrian VI , whom he had helped to obtain thetiara , failed his hopes. The great advantage of Cardinal Dean was his relatively advanced age (66) and poor health. It indicated that his pontificate would be very short, so even those cardinals, who themselves had papal ambitions (f.e. Trivulzio), inclined to vote for him, hoping for the next conclave in the near future [ [http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-paul-iii.htm Valérie Pirie: „The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves”.] Contrary to these expectations, the pontificate of Paul III lasted fifteen years and was the longest in XVI century. He died onNovember 10 ,1549 at the age of 81.] .The election of Pope Paul III
Conclave began on
October 11 , but the first electoral assembly took place on the next day. Cardinal de Lorraine in the name of king of France officially proposed the candidature of Farnese, and this initiative immediately obtained the support of Trivulzio, leader of pro-French Italians, and of Medici, leader of the Italian party. The consent of Imperialists was also quickly achieved, and in the evening it was clear that Alessandro Farnese would be elected unanimously [L. Pastor, p.13.] . OnOctober 13 in the morning a formal scrutiny took place, but it was a mere formality: Farnese received all votes except of his own [L. Pastor, p.14.] . He accepted his election and took the name of Paul III. OnNovember 3 he was solemnly crowned in the presence of thirty-five Cardinals byProtodeacon Innocenzo Cibo [Salvador Miranda: [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/bios1493.htm#Farnese Cardinal Alessandro Farnese (Pope Paul III)] ] .References
ources
* [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/conclave-xvi.htm#1534 List of participants of papal conclave of 1534 (by Salvador Miranda)]
* [http://www.pickle-publishing.com/papers/triple-crown-paul-iii.htm Valérie Pirie: The Triple Crown: An Account of the Papal Conclaves. Paul III (Farnese).]
* [http://www.vaticanhistory.de/vh/html/paul_iii_.html Vatican History]
* L. Pastor "History of the Popes vol. XI", London 1912 (available [http://www.archive.org/details/historyofthepope11pastuoft here] )
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