Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials

The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trials, known in German as "der Auschwitz-Prozess" or "der zweite Auschwitz-Prozess," (the "second Auschwitz trial") was a series of trials running from December 20, 1963 to August 10, 1965, charging twenty-two defendants under German penal law for their roles in the Holocaust as mid- to lower-level officials in the Auschwitz-Birkenau death and concentration camp complex. Most of the senior leaders of the camp, including Rudolf Höss, the longest-standing commandant of the camp, were turned over to Polish authorities in 1947, following their participation as witnesses in the Nuremberg Trial, at which time they were tried in Kraków and many sentenced to death. That earlier trial in Poland is usually known as the first Auschwitz Trial; Richard Baer, the last camp commandant died in detention while still under investigation as part of the trials. Defendants ranged from members of the SS to "kapos," German criminals responsible for low-level control of camp internees, and included some of those responsible for the process of "selection," or determination of who should be sent to the gas chambers directly from the "ramp" upon disembarking the trains that brought them from across Europe ("selection" generally entailed inclusion of all children held to be ineligible for work, generally under the age of 14, and any mothers unwilling to part with their "selected" children). In the course of the trial, approximately 360 witnesses were called, including around 210 survivors. Proceedings began in the "Bürgerhaus Gallus", in Frankfurt am Main, which was converted into a courthouse for that purpose, and remained there until their conclusion.

Hessian Generalstaatsanwalt (State Attorney General) Fritz Bauer, himself briefly interned in the concentration camp at Heuberg in 1933, led the prosecution. Bauer was perhaps at least as concerned with establishing the character of the camps at Auschwitz-Birkenau as he was with pursuing individual defendants, which may explain in part why only twenty-two of an estimated six to eight thousand SS members thought to have been involved in the administration and operation of the camp were charged. Bauer is said to have been opposed in the former purpose by the young Helmut Kohl, then a junior member of the Christian Democratic Union. In furtherance of that purpose Bauer sought and received support from the Institute for Contemporary History in Munich. The following historians from the Institute served as expert witnesses for the prosecution; Helmut Krausnick, Hans-Adolf Jacobsen, Hans Buchheim, and Martin Broszat. Subsequently, the information the four historians gathered for the prosecution served as the basis for their 1968 book, "Anatomy of the SS State", the first thorough survey of the SS based on SS records.

Information about the actions of those accused and their whereabouts had been in the possession of West German authorities since 1958, but action on their cases was delayed by jurisdictional disputes, among other considerations. The court's proceedings were largely public and served to bring many details of the Holocaust to the attention of the public in the Federal Republic of Germany, as well as abroad. Six defendants were given life sentences and several others received the maximum prison sentences possible for the charges brought against them.

Outcomes

{|!align="left"|Name!align="left"|Rank, Title, or Role!align="left"|Sentence
-
valign="top"|Stefan Baretzki
valign="top"|Blockführer (block chief)
valign="top"|Life plus 8 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Emil Bednarek
valign="top"|Kapo
valign="top"|Life imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Wilhelm Boger
valign="top"|camp Gestapo
valign="top"|Life & 5 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Wilhelm Breitwieser
valign="top"|camp Häftlingsbekleidungskammer
valign="top"|Released
-
valign="top"|Perry Broad
valign="top"|camp Gestapo
valign="top"|4 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Viktor Capesius
valign="top"|pharmacist
valign="top"|9 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Klaus Dylewski
valign="top"|camp Gestapo
valign="top"|5 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Willi Frank
valign="top"|Head of SS dental station
valign="top"|7 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Emil Hantl
valign="top"|Sanitätsdienstgrad (medical orderly)
valign="top"|3½ years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Karl-Friedrich Höcker
valign="top"|adjutant
valign="top"|7 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Franz-Johann Hofmann
valign="top"|Head of protective custody camp
valign="top"|Life imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Oswald Kaduk
valign="top"|Rapportführer (SS NCO)
valign="top"|Life imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Josef Klehr
valign="top"|medical orderly
valign="top"|Life & 15 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Dr. Franz Lucas
valign="top"|SS Obersturmführer
valign="top"|3 years, 3 months imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Robert Mulka
valign="top"|adjutant
valign="top"|14 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Gerhard Neubert
valign="top"|HKB Monovitz
valign="top"|Released
-
valign="top"|Hans Nierzwicki
valign="top"|HKB Auschwitz 1
valign="top"|Released
-
valign="top"|Willi Schatz
valign="top"|SS dentist
valign="top"|Acquitted & released
-
valign="top"|Herbert Scherpe
valign="top"|SS Oberscharführer
valign="top"|4½ years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Bruno Schlage
valign="top"|SS Oberscharführer
valign="top"|6 years imprisonment
-
valign="top"|Johann Schobert
valign="top"|Political Division
valign="top"|Acquitted & released
-
valign="top"|Hans Stark
valign="top"|camp Gestapo
valign="top"|10 years imprisonment
-

1977

In 1977 an additional trial was held in Frankfurt against two former members of the SS for killings in the satellite camp of Lagischa (Polish: Lagisza) and on the "evacuation" (i.e. death march) from Golleschau to Wodzisław Śląski (German: Loslau).

References

* [http://www.fritz-bauer-institut.de/texte/essay/12-03_renz.htm Essay (in German) from the Fritz Bauer Institute]
* [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/apr2004/aus1-a27.shtml Part One of World Socialist Web Site coverage]
* [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/apr2004/aus2-a28.shtml Part Two of World Socialist Web Site coverage]
* [http://www.wsws.org/articles/2004/apr2004/aus3-a29.shtml Part Three of World Socialist Web Site coverage]
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/WarCrime5.html Summary of Sentences from Jewish Virtual Library]

* Fritz-Bauer-Institut (Frankfurt) / Staatliches Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau (Hrsg): "Der Auschwitz-Prozeß. Tonbandmitschnitte, Protokolle, Dokumente." DVD/ROM. Directmedia Publishing, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-89853-501-0 (also via D. Czech: Kalendarium)
* [http://www.defafilmlibrary.com/product_info.php?products_id=90&osCsid=2e0113486862282d9f72c279db81acce] The DEFA Film Library situated at University of Massachusetts Amherst released the English version of the DVD from the Fritz-Bauer-Institut in 2006.

Further reading

*Devin O. Pendas, [http://www.cambridge.org/uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521844061 "The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial, 1963–65: Genocide, History and the Limits of the Law"] (Cambridge University Press, 2006)
*Rebecca Wittmann, [http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/WITBEY.html "Beyond Justice: the Auschwitz Trial"] (Harvard University Press, 2005)

External links

* [http://www.fritz-bauer-institut.de Fritz Bauer Institute]
* [http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/publications/reviews/WittmannPendas067.htm Book review comparing Wittmann's and Pendas's monographs about the trial]
* [http://sonderkommando.info/proces/francfort/index.html Sonderkommando page] in French