426 BC Maliakos Gulf tsunami

The 426 BC Maliakos Gulf tsunami was a tsunami devastating the coasts of the Maliakos and Euboic Gulf, Greece, in the summer of 426 BC. [Antonopoulos, John: "The Tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos Gulf,Eastern Greece", "Natural Hazards", Vol. 5 (1992), pp. 83-93] The event led the Greek historian Thucydides to inquire into the origin of the natural phenomena, coming to the conclusion that the tsunami must have been caused by an earthquake.Thucydides: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+3.89.1 “A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.2-5] ] Thucydides thus became the first in the history of natural science to correlate quake and wave in terms of cause and effect. [Smid, T. C.: "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature", "Greece & Rome", 2nd Ser., Vol. 17, No. 1 (Apr., 1970), pp. 100-104 (103f.)] His predecessor Herodotus, in contrast, had earlier attributed the Potidaea tsunami to the divine wrath of Poseidon. [Herodot: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Hdt.+8.129.1 "The Histories", 8.129] ]

Ancient records

The Maliakos Gulf tsunami was one of a series of earthquakes in the summer of 426 BC which affected the course of the Peloponnesian War by forcing the advancing Spartans to abort their planned invasion of Attica.Thucydides: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+3.89.1 “A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.1] ] The ancient geographer Strabo reported that throughout Greece parts of islands were submerged, rivers permanently displaced and towns devastated.Strabo, [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+1.3.1 "Geography", 1.3.20] ] The tsunami itself hit the coast in the Maliakos Gulf at three different places, reaching towns as far as three quarters of a mile inland. [Antonopoulos, John: "The Tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos Gulf, Eastern Greece", "Natural Hazards", Vol. 5 (1992), pp. 83-93 (87)] The force of the tsunami was such that at one place a trireme was lifted out of its dock and thrown over a city wall.

Thucydides gave the following account, noting the characteristic sequence of quake, receding water and huge wave:Thucydides: [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Thuc.+3.89.1 “A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.2-5] ]

About the same time that these earthquakes were so common, the sea at Orobiae, in Euboea, retiring from the then line of coast, returned in a huge wave and invaded a great part of the town, and retreated leaving some of it still under water; so that what was once land is now sea; such of the inhabitants perishing as could not run up to the higher ground in time. A similar inundation also occurred at Atalanta, the island off the Opuntian-Locrian coast, carrying away part of the Athenian fort and wrecking one of two ships which were drawn up on the beach. At Peparethus also the sea retreated a little, without however any inundation following; and an earthquake threw down part of the wall, the town hall, and a few other buildings.

He concluded:

The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could happen.

While the epicentre of the 426 BC Maliakos Gulf tsunami quake is yet to be located, the available evidence points at a crustal movement along one of the faults in the Euboean gulf, rather than at a series of submarine landslides. [Antonopoulos, John: "The Tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos Gulf, Eastern Greece", "Natural Hazards", Vol. 5 (1992), pp. 83-93 (88)]

Geographical coordinates of the tsunami: 38 3/4 N - 22 3/4E [Antonopoulos, John: "The Tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos Gulf, Eastern Greece", "Natural Hazards", Vol. 5 (1992), pp. 83-93 (85)]

Footnotes

References

* Antonopoulos, John: "The Tsunami of 426 BC in the Maliakos Gulf, Eastern Greece", "Natural Hazards", Vol. 5 (1992), pp. 83-93
* Smid, T. C.: "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature", "Greece & Rome", 2nd Ser., Vol. 17, No. 1 (Apr., 1970), pp. 100-104

See also

*Historic tsunami
*365 Crete earthquake