- Timeline of music in the United States to 1819
This is a timeline of music in the United States prior to 1819.__NOTOC__
circa 500
*"Approximate": The oldest archeological remains of
rasp s, made from sheep horn, wood, deer bone, antelope scapula and elk rib, can be dated to approximately this timeframe.cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Musical Instruments|last=Haefer|first=Richard|pages=472-479|others=cite book|last=Diamond|first=Beverly|coauthors=M. Sam Cronk and Franziska von Rosen|year=1994|title=Visions of Sound: Musical Instruments of First Nations Communities in Northeastern America|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|others=Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology]circa 1000
*"Approximate": Copper and clay bells can be dated to this era, and were traded across the
Mississippi Valley and into Mexico.circa 1300
*"Approximate":
Percussion stones from thePueblo region of theRio Grande can be dated to the 14th century.1540
*A
Franciscan priest namedJuan de Padilla , a member of an exploration group led byFrancisco Vásquez de Coronado , crosses from what is now Mexico to what is nowNew Mexico , where de Padilla taughtplainsong and Catholic liturgy to theMoquir Pueblo andZuñi Native Americans [Crawford, pg. 17; "Crawford calls de Padilla "most likely the first European to teach music to Native Americans"."]1559
*Missionary and musician
Pedro Martín de Feria begins teachingplainsong liturgy to Native Americans near what is nowPensacola, Florida . [Crawford, pg. 17]1564
*The first
Protestant music to leave historical documentation comes from the FrenchHuguenots , who found a colony atFort Caroline , near whereJacksonville, Florida is today. These settlers probably sang from the "Geneva Psalter". [Crawford, pg. 20; "Crawford notes that "Florida Indians liked the psalm melodies and continued to sing them years after the Spaniards had massacred the French colonists, as a way of testing strangers to determine whether they were friend (French) or foe."]1565
*The first permanent European settlement in what is now the United States is
St. Augustine, Florida , created by the Spanish.Koskof, "Musical Profile of the United States and Canada", pgs. 2-20, "Garland Encyclopedia of the World Music"] The music there includes Spanish styles and the African music of slaves and free blacks; this is the beginning ofAfrican American music . [Cornelius, pg. 12]1598
*The "first documented European music education" in the United States begins in a colony in New Mexico, founded by a group of Spanish friars accompanying
Juan de Oñate .cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Overview|last=Sheehy|first=Daniel|coauthors=Steven Loza |pages=718-733]1607
*
Jamestown, Virginia becomes the first permanent settlement by the British in what is now the United States.1612
*"The Book of Psalmes: Englished Both in Prose and Metre" is published in Amsterdam by
Henry Ainsworth . This book will be the basis for the psalmody of the Pilgrims who colonize New England. [Crawford, pg. 22] [Chase, pg. 6]1619
*The first African slaves arrive in Virginia, marking the beginning of
African American music Crawford, pg. 102] Cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Overview|last=Maultsby|first=Portia K.|coauthors=Mellonee V. Burnin and Susan Oehler|pages=572-591]1620
*The
Pilgrims arrive inPlymouth, Massachusetts , who begin the well-documented sacred song tradition of New England. The psalmody of the Pilgrims and other early New England Protestants was "spare and plain", reflecting their Calvinist theology. [Crawford, pg. 21]
*John Utie , the firstfiddle r in the United States, lands in Virginia. [Abel, pg. 132]1626
*The oldest known
liturgical book in what is now New Mexico can be dated to this year.cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Música Nuevomexicana|last=Leger|first=James K.|pages=754-769]1628
*The history of Christian church music in New York City begins with the foundation of a church by
Dutch Reformed pastorJonas Michaelius . [Elson, "University Musical Encyclopedia", pg. 4]1633
*The earliest documentation of military music in the future United States comes from drummers in Virginia performing for drill practices. [http://bands.army.mil/history/default.asp?chapter=1 U.S. Army Bands] ]
1640
*The "
Bay Psalm Book " is published inCambridge, Massachusetts ; it is the first full-length book published in the English colonies, and became the basis for psalmody in the Protestant congregations of New England until the 18th century.Crawford, pg. 23] cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=English and Scottish Music|last=Goertzen|first=Christopher|pages=831-841] Southern, pg. 2] [Elson, "University Musical Encyclopedia", pg. 25; Elson notes that it was the second book printed in the colonies.] [cite book|title=The Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music|chapter=Hymnals|pages=580-583|first=David|last=Horn|quote=Horn notes that it was the first book printed in English in the colonies.] It is prepared byRichard Mather ,John Eliot andThomas Weld . [Birge, pg. 5]1642
*
Pere Jean de Brébeuf composes a song in Huron, using the French melody of "Une Jeune Pucelle ", to create a song known in English as "Twas in the Moon of Wintertime ", which has been called the first North AmericanChristmas carol .cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Musical Interactions|last=Levine|first=Victoria Lindsay|coauthors=Judith A. Gray|others=cite journal|title=The Pan-Indian Culture of Oklahoma|last=Howard|first=James H.|year=1955|journal=Scientific Monthly|volume=18|issue=5|pages=215-220|pages=480-490]1645
*The
Dutch Reformed Church in New York colony orders theprecentor ("voorzanger") to "tune the psalm" for the congregation to sing along; this practice consisted of the leader singing a line, which is then repeated, and often elaborated upon, by the audience. This practice is later known aslining out and is a crucial feature of African American church music. [Southern, pg. 29]1651
*The "
Bay Psalm Book " is published in its third edition, its definitive form, often called the "New England Psalm Book ". There is, as yet, no music provided in the collection. [Chase, pg. 10]1653
*The earliest known military band is formed in New Hampshire, consisting of fifteen oboists and two drummers.
1655
*The first documented music in
New Sweden (nowNew Jersey ) is from the military, when GovernorJohan Rising exited a fort with drums and trumpets or fifes playing to meet with the Dutch forces to whom he was capitulating. [Haufman, pg. 24; Haufman notes the use of drums and trumpets from a document byIsrael Acrelius , writing in 1789, and the use of drums and fifes, attributed to John E. Pomfret, writing in 1956.]1659
*
Fray Garcia de Sanfrancisco founds a Catholic mission in what is nowEl Paso, Texas , making him perhaps the first music teacher in the future United States. [Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 50]1667
*The Pilgrim congregation in
Salem, Massachusetts votes to stop using theHenry Ainsworth psalm collection because the tunes were considered too difficult.1677
*The General Assembly of
East New Jersey ban the "singing of vain songs or tunes" on theSabbath .Haufman, pg. 18]1680
*The
Pueblo Revolt leads to the destruction of the Spanish missions in what is now New Mexico, obliterating all known printed music and other musical documentation.1685
*The Pilgrim congregation in
Plymouth, Massachusetts votes to stop using theHenry Ainsworth psalm collection because the tunes were considered too difficult.1687
*Money is authorized by several Virginia counties to purchase drums and trumpets for use in their state militia. [Hansen, pg. 97]
1694
*
Johanns Kelpius , leader of the German Pietists who settled near Philadelphia, brings an organ, becoming the first individual in the future United States to do so. [Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 62] [Birge, p. 5]1698
*The ninth edition of the "
Bay Psalm Book " is published. It is the first to feature printed music. [Chase, pg. 10]1704
*
Christopher Witt comes to America, where he will build his ownpipe organ , becoming the first private organ-owner in the United States. [Chase, pg. 48; Chase indicates that he is "supposedly" the first private organ-owner.]
*Elias Neau is sent by theSociety for the Propagation of the Gospel to minister to black slaves in North America; he opens a school, which includes psalm singing as part of the daily program. [Southern, pgs. 36-37]1707
*
Isaac Watts ' "Hymns and Spiritual Songs " revitalizes church music in the colonial United States. [Darden, pg. 39] The book's influence on African American hymnody is "enormous", and it is "well known and greatly admired" throughout North America. [Chase, pg. 38]1710
*The first concert in New York City is a private affair, at the home of a Mr. Broughton. [Nicholls, pg. 53]
1713
*
George Brownell of Boston becomes perhaps the first dancing master in the United States. [Nicholls, pg. 52]1714
*The first permanent church organ in the United States, the
Brattle organ , imported byThomas Brattle , [Elson, "The History of American Music", pg. 10] is installed in Boston atKing's Chapel .Southern, pg. 24] The colonial American aversion to music, which was viewed as sinful, led to the church leaving the organ unpacked for a full year before actually installing it. [Elson, "University Musical Encyclopedia", pg. 8]
*John Tufts publishes the first instructional book for singing in the country. It was extremely successful. [Birge, pg. 6]1716
*The first theatre in North America is built in
Williamsburg, Virginia .Cockrell, Dale and Andrew M. Zinck, "Popular Music of the Parlor and Stage", pgs. 179 - 201, in the "Garland Encyclopedia of World Music"]1717
*The first organized classes in music are organized in New England, for the improvement of church music. [Elson, "University Musical Encyclopedia", pg. 7]
1718
*The first Spanish colony in Texas is established at San Antonio, thus marking the beginning of
Tejano music .cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Tejano Music|last=Reyna|first=José R.|pages=770-782]1719
*Africans are first brought to New Orleans in large numbers, bringing with them new styles of music straight from Africa.
*Thomas Fleet publishes "Songs for the Nursery ", one of the earliest published collections of secular music in the American colonies. It is the origin ofMother Goose songs like "Ba Baa Black Sheep ". [Cusic, pg. 42]1720
*The
lined-out style ofhymnody begins to be criticized for abandoning conservative notation in favor of an oral tradition. [Crawford, pg. 25]
*ReverendThomas Symmes publishes an essay, "The Reasonableness of Regular Singing",cite book|title=New Grove Dictionary of Music|chapter=Education|pages=11-21|first=Richard|last=Colwell|coauthors=James W. Pruett and Pamela Bristah] in which he proposes schools to educate the public in psalm singing. Such schools were to become a major musical institution in New England in the 18th and 19th centuries.Crawford, pg. 32]
*TheAmish arrive in Pennsylvania, thus beginning theAmish music tradition in the United States.
*TheEphrata Cloister is founded inLancaster County, Pennsylvania ; they will develop their own musical system and form of hymnody. [Chase, pg. 48]1750
*Though the ban may not have been strictly or effectively enforced, the city of Boston prohibits theater entertainment, due to a Puritan influence that treated theater as a negative institution that symbolized a "preference for idleness and pleasure over hard work and thrift".Crawford, pg. 92]
*The first comicballad opera , "The Beggars Opera " byJohn Gay , [Clarke, pg.10] is first performed in the colonial United States, in New York City; it goes on to become hugely successful, and among the most popular pieces of the period. [Crawford, pg. 95]
*"Approximate": The African American'Lection Day holiday, in which blacks paraded and elected an honorary ruler, is first celebrated, in Connecticut. [Southern, pg. 52]
*An organ atZion Lutheran Church inNew Germantown, New Jersey is the first documented organ in that state; the first organ in Pennsylvania also arrives in this year. [Haufman, pg. 32]1752
*
William Tuckey comes to New York City, where he will become the city's first music teacher. [Nicholls, pg. 53] [Elson, "University Musical Encyclopedia", pg. 8]1753
*The
British Museum has had a drum since this date, made in Virginia from local wood and deer skin, but in a manner typical of theAshanti of Ghana, a major piece of evidence for African retention in African American music. It is also similar to the "apinti " drum of theAfro-Guyanese . [Epstein, pg. 49]1754
*An unused room in a building becomes the first concert hall in Boston. [Crawford, pg. 86]
1755
*The British begin expelling the French-speaking
Acadian s from Canada, many of whom will go to Louisiana, providing an important foundation for bothCajun music andLouisiana Creole music .cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=French Music|last=Rahkonen|first=Carl|pages=854-859]
*An English surgeon composes the words to "Yankee Doodle ", which will become the most popular song in the country in the latter part of the Revolutionary War. [Elson, "The History of American Music", pg. 144] It will remain the only national song of the United States until theWar of 1812 . [Elson, "University Musical Encyclopedia", pg. 81]1756
*The first documented public performance by a military band in the British colonies comes in a Philadelphia parade this year. [Hansen, pg. 203]
1757
*
William Smith 's "Alfred", produced by theCollege of Philadelphia , is the first "documentedserious opera written and performed in the United States".
*Full military bands are sent to North America by the British, hoping to alleviate reluctance by the colonialists to join the British militias. New bands will arrive every year during theFrench and Indian War . [Hansen, pg. 203]1758
*The
First Church of Boston forms a choir, the first of many New England churches to do so in the next decade.Crawford, pg. 37]
*The earliest known reference to music in a newspaper advertisement comes from the "Newport Mercury " ofNewport, Rhode Island . The advertisement seeks a violinist. [Elson, "The History of American Music", pg. 42; Elson cites this claim to Henry M. Brooks, antiquarian]1759
*An ode by
James Lyon forPrinceton College 's graduation andFrancis Hopkinson 's "My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free " are both composed; these two pieces are each cited as the first original musical composition by an American composer. [Crawford, pgs. 81-82; "Hopkinson himself claimed to be the first American composer in 1788, in a preface to the publication of "Seven Songs for the Harpsichord or Forte Piano". Crawford notes that music historianOscar G. Sonneck tested this claim in 1905, concluding that Hopkinson had a valid claim. Crawford also notes, however, that some historians would not consider any composer American until the ninth state ratified the United States Constitution in June of 1788, and thus it is possible that Hopkinson was, in fact, referring to the publication of "Seven Songs for the Harpsichord or Forte Piano" as the first American composition."] Hopkinson has been called the first secular composer in the American colonies, and "My Days Have Been So Woundrous Free" is the first American secular song. [Clarke, pg. 14]1795
*
Oliver Holden , withHans Gram andSamuel Holyoke , publishes "The Massachusetts Compiler", the most "up-to-date manual of music theory" from the United States to that time. [Chase, pg. 126]1796
*The
French opera tradition in New Orleans begins with a production of "Silvain", an opera byAndré Ernest Modeste Grétry .Crawford, pg. 191] New Orleans will remain the center for opera in the United States until the 1860s. [Cornelius, pg. 11]
*William Dunlap andBenjamin Carr 's "The Archers" is one of the first major American operas to enter the standard repertoire. [Crawford, pg. 320] [Elson, "University Musical Encyclopedia", pg. 14; Elson calls "The Archers" the first American opera.] [Clarke, pg. 13]1797
*"The Pocket Hymn Book" is published in Philadelphia. It will become the standard collection of hymns for the
camp meeting s of theGreat Awakening of the early 19th century. [Chase, pg. 193]1798
*
William Smith andWilliam Little successfully copyright ashape note system that would become the standard in the 19th century.
*The first complete work to be copyrighted is a pair of ballads, "Ellen Arise: A Ballad" and "The Little Sailor Boy: A Ballad", both byBenjamin Carr .
*The first governmental subsidy for music comes in the form of theUnited States Marine Band , led by Drum MajorWilliam Farr ; [Hansen, pg. 209] [Koskoff, pg. 31] this is the first military musical establishment in the United States.
*The first political campaign song is "Adams and Liberty", set to the tune of "To Anacreon in Heaven ", byRobert Treat Paine Jr. .Cornelius, Steven, Charlotte J. Frisbie and John Shepherd, "Snapshot: Four Views of Music, Government, and Politics", pgs. 304 - 319, in the "Garland Encyclopedia of World Music"]
*The song "Hail Columbia ", set to the music of "The President's March ", is published, with the intent of "arousing the American spirit"; it becomes one of the most popular and long-lasting patriotic songs in the country. [Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pgs. 72-72]
*TheNew Jersey Immorality Act bans "dancing, singing, fiddling, or other music for the sake of merriment".1799
*The
Longhouse religion of the Iroquois is founded byHandsome Lake ; music and dance are integral parts of the burgeoning religion.cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Northeast|last=Levine|first=Victoria Lindsay|pages=461-465|others=cite book|title=League of the Ho-dé-no-sau-nee or Iroquois|last=Morgan|first=Henry Louis|year=1962 [1852] |location=Secaucus, New Jersey|publisher=Citadel Press]1800
*
Samuel Holyoke 's first volume of "The Instrumental Assistant" is the first "comprehensive instrumental and collection of traditional music for band instruments published" in the United States. [Chase, pg. 126]
*The firstcamp meeting is held inLogan County, Kentucky , led by ministerJames McGready . [Chase, pg. 192] [Clarke, pg. 39] Camp meetings will become an essential component of theSecond Awakening of Christian fervor, which will dominate the "religious life of America's frontier communities". Hymn-singing was a major part of camp meetings. [Southern, pg. 82-83]
*James Hewitt andWilliam Dunlap "Pizarro in Peru" is the first "important American operatic melodrama".1801
*Reverend Richard Allen publishes "A Collection of Spiritual Songs and Hymns" for
Bethel Church in Philadelphia; this is the first such collection "assembled by a black author for a black congregation". [Chase, pg. 219] The collection includes works byIsaac Watts and others, as well as some that are unattributed and may have been composed by Allen himself. [Crawford, pg. 109] It was also the first collection "to employ the so-called wandering refrains -- that is, refrain verses or short choruses attached at random to orthodox hymn stanzas". [Southern, pg. 79]
*William Smith andWilliam Little publish "The Easy Instructor" in Philadelphia; it is the first shape note tunebook, which would become the standard for American shape note singing in the 19th century.
*Richard Allen publishes his own hymnal, "A Collection of Spiritual Songs and Hymns", which becomes very popular. [Darden, pg. 40]
*The firstcamp meeting is held near theGasper River inLogan County, Kentucky ; the diverse crowd forces the song leaders to keep the songs simple, leading to a style known as the "camp meeting spiritual".Erbsen, pg. 21]1812
*A hymnbook, popularly called "
The Bridgewater Collection " is first published; it will be used at least until well into the 20th century. [Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 128]
*A musical celebration after the end of theWar of 1812 leads to the formation of theHandel and Haydn Society of Boston .Burk, Meierhoff and Phillips, pg. 155] The War's chief musical effect is in the composition of songs celebrating American naval victories, most importantly "Hull's Victory ", which commemorates the capture of the "Guerriere " by the "Constitution". [Elson, "The History of American Music", pg. 155]
*During the War of 1812, American military bands use bugles rather than drums and fifes as in the Revolutionary War. [http://bands.army.mil/history/default.asp?chapter=7 U.S. Army Bands] ]1813
*Irish songwriter
Thomas Moore publishes "The Last Rose of Summer ", a popular song that helped establish him as one of the best-known composers of Americanparlor song s. [Abel, pg. 136]
*Thomas Carr and his father,Joseph Carr , create one of the earliest American music publishing outfits, beginning with Thomas' popular arrangement of "The Star-Spangled Banner ". [Abel, pg. 254]
*"Millennial Praises", the firstShaker hymnal, is published inHancock, Massachusetts . It contains only the text of the hymns.Chase, pg. 204]
*The military band atWest Point Academy begins its formation, though the modern incarnation of the West Point Band will not be formally created until 1817. [http://bands.army.mil/history/default.asp?chapter=6 U.S. Army Bands] ]1814
*
Francis Scott Key writes what will become "The Star-Spangled Banner ", which will become the officialnational anthem of the United States in 1931. It uses the tune of an English drinking song called "To Anacreon in Heaven " byJohn Stafford Smith . [Crawford, pgs. 240-241] [Elson, "University Musical Encyclopedia", pg. 89]
*Rayner Taylor 's romantic grand opera, "The Acthiop; Or, The Child of the Desert", is a popular and influential composition, which remains in production into the 1860s.1815
*The
Boston Handel and Haydn Society is formed to "improve sacred music performance and promote the sacred works of eminent European masters". This marks "a new stage in Americans' recognition of music as an art". [Crawford, pg. 293] cite book|title=The Garland Encyclopedia of World Music|chapter=Overview of Music in the United States|last=Kearns|first=Williams|pages=519-553] [Chase, pg. 109; Chase calls the Society a "prestigious and permanent feature of Boston's musical life, with ramifications that spread its influence far and wide".] It remains an influential part of Bostonian culture. [Cornelius, pg. 12] [Southern, pg. 99]
*Thekey bugle is introduced to the United States. The key bugle led to the development of a whole new class of valved brass instruments calledsaxhorn s after their French inventor,Antoine-Joseph Sax [Abel, pg. 133]
*This is the earliest proffered date for the formation of the first minstrel troops. [Darden, pg. 121; "Darden mentions claims for 1815, 1829 and 1832."]
*The song "Backside Albany ", with a melody borrowed from the British folk song "Boyne Water ", is the firstblackface air.
*Thomas Hastings , a prolific publisher of church music and author, publishes his "first and most famous collection", "Musica Sacra". [Chase, pg. 139]1816
*The
African Methodist Episcopal Church is founded in Philadelphia, which "established a racial division in American Protestantism; music was to remain a major part of the Church's spiritual expression.
*The earliest description of a specifically African American Christian music performance comes fromGeorge Tucker , who witnessed the song inPortsmouth, Virginia . [Darden, pg. 66]
*Daniel Loomis becomes the first teacher of music at theWest Point Academy , andGeorge W. Gardiner is assigned commander of the West Point Band.
*Thomas Funk publishes "Choral Music", a songbook that helps establish the Americanshape note singing tradition. Funk's descendents will carry on his legacy in foundingRuebush-Kieffer , a publishing company that will be the predecessor of most of the Southern religious music publishing firms of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. [Malone and Stricklin, pg. 9]1817
*The city government of New Orleans limits African American dancing to Sundays before sundown in
Congo Square , which would become a hotbed of musical mingling and innovation. [Chase, pg. 62]
*CivilianRichard Willis is hired as teacher of music at theWest Point Academy . The tradition of hiring civilians for this position will last until 1972. He will also introduce thekeyed bugle to the American military.1818
*Music teacher,
keyed bugle r and bandleader Frank Johnson publishes "Six Sets of Cotillions", establishing a career that will make him the leader of the "Philadelphia School ", the first African American "school of classically trained composers". He also becomes the first African American to publish sheet music this year, [Southern, pg. 107 indicates that Johnson was the first African American to publish sheet music.] [Crawford, pg. 20 indicates that John was the first American black to publish music.] [Hansen, pg. 213 indicates Johnson was the first African American to publish music.] and will later become the first widely acclaimed composer, both at home and in England, first to innovate a style or school elaborated upon by other individuals, [Southern, pg. 107] first to give formal band concerts, [Clarke, pg. 20] [Southern, pg. 107] and the first to perform with white musicians in public [Clarke, p. 20] and the first to tour widely in the United States. [Southern, pg. 107] He may be the first American of any race to tour abroad, in 1837. [Clark, pg. 21]
*Richard Allen publishes a hymnal, the first for theAfrican Methodist Episcopal church, which became the world's "first black denomination" when it was founded in 1816. [Southern, pgs. 80-81]
*African Americans begin organizing their owncamp meeting s, start with one held this year by theAfrican Methodist Episcopal church, inBucks County, Pennsylvania . [Southern, pg. 130]
*Bohemian composerAnton Philipp Heinrich comes to the United States and is so impressed by the "natural scenery, (America's) exciting history, and the music of the Native American" that he began composing a string of works on these topics. [Southern, pg. 267]1819
*
John Fanning Watson , a Wesleyan Methodist, publishes a tract called "Methodist Error", which criticizes clergy that holdcamp meeting s, on the basis that they were relatively racially egalitarian, and the music poorly-composed and performed, especially by African Americans. Though his criticism is not entirely aimed at African Americans, the features he most identifies as religiously inappropriate are characteristically African American. His chief complaint is the use of refrains "of their own composing", referring to those include in the hymnal ofRichard Allen from 1801. [Southern, pg. 180]
*The "best-known stage for drama, concert music and opera" inRichmond, Virginia , theRichmond Theater , opens. [Abel, pg. 239]
*John Siegling opens a music publishing firm,Siegling Music Company , inCharleston, South Carolina , it will last for many years, and will be the oldest music publishing company in operation by the time the Civil War begins. [Abel, pg. 255] [Cornelius, pg. 17]References
* cite book
first = E.
middle = Lawrence
last = Abel
title = Singing the New Nation: How Music Shaped the Confederacy, 1861-1865
publisher = Stackpole Books
id = ISBN 0811702286
location = Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania
year = 2000
*
*
* cite book
author = Chase, Gilbert
id = ISBN 0-252-00454-X
publisher = University of Illinois Press
title = America's Music: From the Pilgrims to the Present
year = 2000
*
*
*cite book
author = Crawford, Richard
id = ISBN 0-393-04810-1
publisher = W. W. Norton & Company
title = America's Musical Life: A History
year = 2001
*
*
*
*
*
*cite book
last=Erbsen
first=Wayne
title=Rural Roots of Bluegrass: Songs, Stories and History
year=2003
location=Pacific, Missouri
publisher=Mel Bay Publications
isbn=0786671378
*
*
*
*
*
* cite book
last = Koskoff
first = Ellen (ed.)
id = ISBN 0-8240-4944-6
publisher = Garland Publishing
title = Garland Encyclopedia of World Music, Volume 3: The United States and Canada
year = 2000
*
* cite book
first = James
last = Miller
title = Flowers in the Dustbin: The Rise of Rock and Roll, 1947-1977
publisher = Simon & Schuster
id = ISBN 0684808730
location = New York
* cite book
first = Ronald D.
last = Lankford, Jr.
title = Folk Music USA: The Changing Voice of Protest
year = 2005
publisher = Schirmer Trade Books
location = New York
id = ISBN 0825673003
*
*
*cite book
editor = John Shepherd, David Horn, Dave Laing, Paul Oliver and Peter Wicke (eds.)
publisher = Continuum
year = 2003
location = London
id = ISBN 0-8264-6321-5
title = Continuum Encyclopedia of Popular Music of the World, Volume 1: Media, Industry and Society
*
*
*
*Notes
Further reading
*cite book|title=A Bibliography of Songsters, Printed in America Before 1821|location=Worcester, Massachusetts|publisher=American Antiquarian Society|first=Irving|last=Lowens
*cite book|title=Popular Secular Music in America Through 1800: A Preliminary Checklist of Manuscripts in North American Collections|location=Philadelphia|publisher=Music Library Association|last=Keller|first=Kate Van Winkle
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