Wharncliffe Crags

Wharncliffe Crags is a gritstone escarpment or edge situated approximately convert|10|km|abbr=on|0 north west of the city of Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England.

Overview

The edge which is characterised as a steep rock face for much of its four kilometre length runs from grid reference gbm4ibx|SK295979 just east of the village of Deepcar in a roughly south easterly direction to grid reference gbm4ibx|SK305951 just east of Wharncliffe Side. Wharncliffe Crags stand on the eastern side of the upper River Don valley at a height of around 250 metres above sea level with the highest spot height being 297 metres. Although set in a pleasant situation, the northern end of the crags are never far away from the buzz of civilisation with the noise of the nearby Stocksbridge bypass and A6102 road ever present, there are also two lines of electricity pylons which converge at the northern end of the crags. The escarpment was formed 320 million years ago in the Paleozoic era.

History

The rocks at the north western end of Wharncliffe Crags have been quarried to produce Quern-stones as far back into history as the Iron Age, continuing into the period of the Roman occupation of Britain. The name Wharncliffe actually evolved from the term “quern cliff”"The Peak District and Central England", Woodland Trust ISBN 0711226601, Page 24 “Wharn is a corruption of Quern”.] . The process of quern production has left behind considerable evidence in the area of the crags, including work flooring and trackways as well as many abandoned querns. In August 1996 an accidental heather fire burned away much of the vegetation over an area of 8 hectares, revealing many more quern-stones than had originally thought present. A survey by English Heritage in 2000 uncovered around 2300 stones in the 8 hectares area leading to the estimate that there could be around 8000 quern stones in the quarry area. The area of quern production has been declared a Scheduled Ancient Monument. [http://www.topforge.co.uk/Other%20Industries/Quern.htm www.topforge.co.uk.] Gives details of quern stones.] [http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/upload/pdf/Conservation_Bulletin_39.pdf English Heritage.] Gives details of quern stones.] Wharncliffe Lodge stands at the southern end of the crags and has fine views of the Ewden valley to the west. The present building dates from the 19th century and is the third lodge on the site with the original being built in 1510. The lodge has strong associations with Lady Mary Wortley Montagu who resided there for short periods in the early 18th century. The floor of one of the rooms bears the inscription of Henry VIII’s reign (1491-1547)."Historic Hallamshire", David Hey, ISBN 1 84306 049 3 Page 143 Gives details of Wharncliffe Lodge.] "The Letters and Works of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu", Mary Wortley Montagu, ISBN 9781402166624 Pages 46 & 47 Gives information on Wharncliffe Lodge.]

Geology and habitat

The geology of Wharncliffe Crags led to the area being designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1988. The geological features of the cliff face are of special interest showing the best available exposed example of the Wharncliffe Edge Rock Formation within the Pennines and show two primary sandstone beds which were originally laid down as sediments from a meandering river. The downslope from the base of the cliff towards the Don valley is covered by the birch and oak woodland of Wharncliffe woods which is owned by the Forestry Commission. The flat ground on the top of the crags is mostly carpeted with heather [http://www.english-nature.org.uk/citation/citation_photo/1000237.pdf English Nature.] Gives details of SSSI, Geology and Habitat.] . The level terrain behind the central part of the crags is known as Wharncliffe Chase, this was part of a royal hunting park in the Middle Ages. More recently the chase was mined for Ganister which was used to produce furnace bricks for the local steel industry, there has also been small scale coal mining in the past"The Peak District and Central England" Page 24 Gives details of Wharncliffe Chase.] .

Wharncliffe Heath Local Nature Reserve

The north western (Deepcar) end of the crags stand within the Wharncliffe Heath Local Nature Reserve an area of heather, bracken, birch scrub and broad leaved woodland which provides a home for a rich diversity of wildlife. These include rare and threatened species, such as nightjar, linnet, viviparous lizard and green tiger beetle. The reserve is one of the best examples of dry heath in the Sheffield area, it differs from the nearby Peak District heather moorland in that it is a mosaic of heather, scrub and bracken. The reserve is managed by the Wharncliffe Heathlands Trust with help from Sheffield Wildlife Trust and the Coalfield Heathland Project whose main recent projects have been keeping birch scrub under control by fellingNotice board at reserve site. Gives details of Wharncliffe Heath Local Nature Reserve.] .

Rock Climbing

Wharncliffe Crags has a long history of rock climbing, it was at the forefront at the birth of the sport in the UK in the 1880s. Pre-World War I climbing legend J. W. Puttrell was a regular visitor to the crags from 1885 onwards and pioneered many early routes. By 1900 the crag was the most popular climbing venue in the country, a fact that was helped by the presence of the nearby Deepcar railway station on the Sheffield to Manchester railway line. The popularity of the crag declined losing out to more popular venues in the Peak District and is now a quiet site. There are around 142 traditional climbs on the crag along with many bouldering climbs on the numerous large boulders that have become detached from the main crag. [http://www.rockfax.com/databases/results_crag.html?id=1 www.rockfax.com.] Gives details of rock climbing.]

Legend

The crags are also the venue of the legend of the Dragon of Wantley, a myth that was made into a 17th century satirical poem and an opera by Henry Carey, the legend was mentioned by Sir Walter Scott in the opening chapter of Ivanhoe, “Here haunted of yore the fabulous Dragon of Wantley” [http://scott.thefreelibrary.com/Ivanhoe/1-1 The Free Library.] Gives text of Ivanhoe, Chapter 1.] . The story tells the tale of how More of More hall slays a troublesome dragon which lives on the crags. A cave at the southern end of the crags, close to Wharncliffe Lodge is called the Dragons Den and is thus marked on maps. [http://www.kellscraft.com/mcmtwilight/twilight05.html www.kellscraft.com.] Gives text of Dragon of Wantley poem.]

References