Samagar

: "This article is about the Mongol general. For the Armenian town, see Samaghar".Samagar, also Cemakar, was a Mongol general of the Il-Khan ruler Abaqa Khan (1234–1282), mentioned as leading a Mongol invasion force in 1271, in attempted coordination with the Ninth Crusade.

Background

Little is known about Samagar, but he is mentioned in the context of attempted operations between the Mongols and the Crusaders.

In 1269, the English Prince Edward (the future Edward I), had led a small force to the Holy Land as part of the Ninth Crusade. [Hindley, pp. 205-206] When he arrived in Acre on May 9, 1271, the situation in the Holy Land was particularly critical, as the Mamluk leader Baibars was besieging the Frankish noble Bohemond VI in the city of Tripoli.

amagar's campaign

As soon as Edward arrived in Acre, he immediately sent an embassy to the Mongol ruler Abaqa Khan, leader of the southwestern Ilkhanate. ["When he disembarked in Acre, Edward immediately sent envoys to Abagha (…) As he (Abagha) could not commit himself to the offensive, he ordered the Mongol forces stationned in Turkey under Samaghar to attack Syria in order to relieve the Crusaders” Jean Richard, p.446] Edward's plan was to use the help of the Mongols to attack Baibars."Edward was horrified at the state of affairs in Outremer. He knew that his own army was small, but he hoped to unite the Christians of the East into a formidable body and then to use the help of the Mongols in making an effective attack on Baibars", Runciman, p.335] Abaqa answered positively to Edward's request in a letter dated September 4, 1271:

In mid-October 1271, the Mongol troops under Samaghar arrived in Syria and ravaged the land from Aleppo southward. Abaqa, occupied by other conflicts in Turkestan, had only sent a minimal force of 10,000 Mongol horsemen under Samagar from the occupation army in Seljuk Anatolia, plus auxiliary Seljukid troops. However, the Mongol advance triggered an exodus of Muslim populations (who remembered the previous campaigns of Kitbuqa) as far south as Cairo. [Grousset p. 653] The Mongols defeated the Turcoman troops that protected Aleppo, putting to flight the Mamluk garrison in that city, and continued their advance to Maarat an-Numan and Apamea.Runciman p. 336]

The Mongols stayed only briefly, and never combined forces with Edward. When Baibars mounted a counter-offensive from Egypt on November 12, 1271, the Mongols under Samagar had already retreated beyond the Euphrates, unable to face the full Mamluk army.

Edward returned to England in September, 1272.Hindley, pp. 207-208]

Notes

References

*cite journal|author=Amitai-Preiss, Reuven|title=Mongol Raids into Palestine (AD 1260 and 1300)|journal=JRAS|date=1987|pages=236–255
*cite book|title=Histoire des Croisades III, 1188-1291|author=Grousset, René|language=French|publisher=Editions Perrin|date=1935|isbn=2-262-02569-X
*cite book|title=L'épopée des Croisades|author=Grousset, René|language=French|publisher=Editions Perrin|date=1935|isbn=2262018642
*cite book|author=Hazard, Harry W. (editor)|title=Volume III: The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries|series=A History of the Crusades|others=Kenneth M. Setton, general editor|publisher=The University of Wisconsin Press|date=1975|isbn=0-299-06670-3
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*cite book|author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan|title=The Crusades: A History|edition=2nd edition|isbn=0-300-10128-7|date=1987, 2005|publisher=Yale Nota Bene
*cite book|author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan|title=Atlas des Croisades|language=French|edition=|isbn=2862605530|date=1996, 2005|publisher=Autrement
*cite book|author=Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2002)|title=The Oxford History of the Crusades|isbn=0192803123|publisher=Oxford University Press
*Jean-Paul Roux, "L'Asie Centrale", Paris, 1997, ISBN 9782213598949
*cite book|title=A history of the Crusades 3|author=Runciman, Steven|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=9780140137057|date=1987 (first published in 1952-1954)
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