Hashomer

Hashomer ( _he. השומר) ("The Watchman") was a Jewish defense organization in Palestine founded out of Bar-Giora in April 1909. It ceased to operate after the founding of the Haganah in 1920. The purpose of the Hashomer was to provide guard services for Jewish settlements in the Yishuv, freeing Jewish communities from dependence upon foreign consulates and Arab watchmen for their security. It was headed by a committee of three - Israel Shochat, Israel Giladi, and Mendel Portugali.

History

Hashomer was originated by Socialist Zionists, mostly members of Poale Zion, including Israel Shochat, Manya Shochat, Yitzhak Ben-Zvi and Ben-Zvi's wife Rachel Yanait, several of whom had earlier formed a small secret guard society called Bar-Giora, which guarded the Sejera commune (now Ilaniya) and Mes'ha (now Kfar Tavor). Bar-Giora was founded by Israel Shochat, Alexander Zeid and Yitzhak Ben-Zvi, among others. Whilst earlier settlers had undertaken to defend their lands and communities, Hashomer was the first attempt to provide an organized defence for all the Jewish communities in Palestine. A serious obstacle was the lack of funds with which to buy arms. On Yehoshua Hankin's advice, they asked Eliahu Krause, the manager at Sejera, to lend them the money. The first guns were bought, several of the members refusing to part from them even for a moment.

They adopted local dress, and many of the customs of the Bedouins, Druze and Circassians. They also drew inspiration from the history of the Cossacks. The first few 'Shomrim' (guards), worked on foot, but soon acquired horses, which vastly increased their effectiveness.
Mendel Portugali laid down the rules of engagement.

You do not seek an encounter with the thief; you chase him off, and only when you have no choice do you shoot. After all, he is out to steal a bag of grain, not to murder you, so don't murder him, drive him off. Don't sleep at night. If you hear footsteps, fire into the distance. If you feel he is a few steps away and you can fire without him falling upon you, fire into the distance. Only if your life is in danger - fire.

Guns used were the same as the locals', which included the 'jift', a single, or double-barrelled shotgun, the 'yunani' and 'osmanli' single-shot muskets, various rifles and Mauser pistols. Modern rifles, known as 'Abu-Hamsa' (father of five), were the most prestigeous, and were prone to theft by the locals. The 'shibriyeh' [http://www.bmagic.org.uk/objects/1986M112.184] (Arab dagger) and 'nabut' (club or mace) were carried by all. Ammunition was expensive and hard to come by, so primitive production centers were set up.

Hashomer was successful in providing defense for settlements throughout the country; though it sometimes aroused the ire of Arab watchmen who lost their jobs and of pilferers, and antagonized the Arab population by retaliatory raids. Some of the older settlers were also worried that Hashomer might upset the status-quo with the local population. During World War I many of its members were exiled to Anatolia by the Ottoman government because they were enemy (Russian) nationals. Several were hanged. When the Turks caught Yosef Lishanski of the Nili group, he told all he knew, implicating twelve members of Hashomer. The group nonetheless survived.

In 1920 it was decided to organize the Haganah, a much broader-based group, to cope with new defense challenges and needs of the growing Jewish community in pre-state Israel. Many members of Hashomer joined the Jewish Legion, while others joined the mounted police, and played a prominent part in the defense of Tel Hai and Jerusalem during the Arab riots in 1920 and 1921. In June 1920 HaShomer ceased to exist as a separate body. Its members, however, maintained contact and made an important contribution to the yishuv's defense.

In addition to their role as watchmen of the Jewish settlements in the country, members of HaShomer established a number of settlements of their own, including Tel Adashim, Tel Hai, and Kfar Giladi.

Hashomer took for their motto that of "Bar-Giora": "In blood and fire, Judea fell; in blood and fire will Judea rise.", a line from Yaakov Cohen's poem "Biryonim".

Notable members

*Israel Shochat - One of the founders and leaders of the movement.
*Manya Shochat - The mother of collective settlement in Israel.
*Yitzhak Ben-Zvi - Second President of Israel as well as a founder.
*Alexander Zaid - A founder.
*Mendel Portugali - A founder.
*Israel Giladi - A founder.
*Yehezqel Nissanov - A founder.
*Eliyahu Golomb - One of the major Hagana leaders.
*Haim Sturman - An active figure in the Hagana and the Jezreel Valley settlements.
*Pinhas Sneerson - An active figure in "Gdudei HaAvoda" and the Hagana.
*Avraham Yosef Berl - The first fatality in the movement.

ources

* [http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/d1.html The Jewish Agency for Israel]
*"Anshei Hashomer Bechayehem Ubemotam" (Hashomer Members in Life and Death) Gershon Gera.

External links

* [http://www.zionism-israel.com/dic/Hashomer.htm "Hashomer" article in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Zionism and Israel]