Battle of Patay

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Patay
partof=the Hundred Years' War


caption="The French crushing the English." The English, however, did not fight on horseback
date=18 June, 1429
place=Near Patay, slightly north of Orleans, France
result=Decisive French victory
combatant1=Kingdom of France
combatant2=Kingdom of England
commander1=La Hire
Xaintrailles
Joan Of Arc
commander2=Sir John Fastolf
John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury
strength1=1,500 cavalry
strength2=5,000
casualties1=About 100
casualties2=2,500 dead, wounded, or captured

The Battle of Patay (18 June 1429) was a major battle in the Hundred Years' War between the French and English in north-central France. It was a decisive victory for the French and turned the tide of the war. This victory was to the French what Agincourt was to the English. Although credited to Joan of Arc, most of the fighting took place at the vanguard of the French army and the battle was over before the main body could arrive.

Background

After the relief of the Siege of Orléans, the French recaptured several English strongholds in the Loire valley. This regained bridges for the subsequent French assault on English and Burgundian territory to the north. Nearly all of France north of the Loire river was under foreign control. The French victory at Orléans had destroyed the only French-controlled bridge. Three smaller battles had recovered bridges along the Loire.

The French Loire campaign of 1429 consisted of five actions::1. The Siege of Orléans.:2. The Battle of Jargeau.:3. The Battle of Meung-sur-Loire.:4. The Battle of Beaugency.:5. The Battle of Patay.

The Battle of Patay took place the day after the English surrender at Beaugency. In this battle, the English attempted to use the same tactics it had in the victorious battles of Crécy in 1346, Battle of Poitiers (1356)
Poitiers in 1356, and Agincourt in 1415. These tactics called for having extensive numbers of longbowmen defended by sharpened stakes driven into the ground in front of their army, the stakes slowing and hampering a cavalry assault while the longbowmen massacred the enemy. However, in the battle of Patay, the French mounted soldiers were finally able to catch the English unprepared.

No other country in Europe used the longbow as extensively as England. Although the weapon was relatively inexpensive to produce, the cost of keeping longbowmen was prohibitive: the constant training needed to operate the weapon required the maintenance of a standing army. During the late Middle Ages most soldiers fought seasonally, and campaigns often ended in time for the autumn harvest. Longbowmen and nobles were the only truly career soldiers, but there was some resentment from the latter, seeing the presence of the former as an infringement on class prerogative.

The longbow corps had two weaknesses: its lightly armored men were poor defenders in close combat and extensive training slowed the production of new longbowmen. The French army exploited both of these weaknesses at Patay.

The Battle

An English reinforcement army under Sir John Fastolf departed from Paris following the defeat at Orléans. The French had moved swiftly, capturing three bridges and accepting the English surrender at Beaugency the day before Fastolf's army arrived. The French, in the belief that they could not overcome a fully prepared English army in open battle, scoured the area in hopes of finding the English unprepared and vulnerable.

The English reconnoitered with remaining defenders at Meung-sur-Loire. The French had taken only the bridge at this location, not the neighboring castle or the town. Retreating defenders from Beaugency joined them. The English excelled at open battles; they took up a position whose exact location is unknown but traditionally believed to be near the tiny village of Patay.Fastolf, John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury and Sir Thomas Scales commanded the English.

The standard defensive tactic of the English longbowmen was to drive pointed stakes into the ground near their positions. This prevented cavalry charges and slowed infantry long enough for the longbows to take a decisive toll on the enemy line. However, the English archers inadvertently disclosed their position to French scouts before their preparations were complete when a lone stag wandered onto a nearby field and the archers raised a hunting cry.

On hearing the news of the English position, about 1,500 men under captains La Hire and Jean Poton de Xaintrailles, composing the heavily armed and armoured cavalry vanguard of the French army, attacked the English. The battle swiftly turned into a rout, with every Englishman on a horse fleeing while the infantry, mostly composed of longbowmen, were cut down in droves. Longbowmen were never intended to fight armoured knights unsupported except from prepared positions where the knights could not charge them, and they were massacred. For once the French tactic of a large frontal cavalry assault had succeeded, with decisive results.

Aftermath

Talbot was captured by the French along with many other notable English. Fastolf escaped with a small band of men to disgrace. John, Duke of Bedford blamed Fastolf for the defeat and stripped him of his membership in the Order of the Garter. This was the beginning of his somewhat undeserved reputation as the basis for the legendary Falstaff.

As the concluding action of the French offensive along the Loire, Patay left the English army in short supply of two of its most important elements: commanders and longbowmen. This victory permitted the French army to march northward to Rheims without further bloodshed and hold the coronation of Charles VII of France, which settled the disputed succession to the French throne.

Bibliography

* Devries, Kelly. "Joan of Arc: A Military Leader" (Glaucestershire: Sutton Publishing, 1999). ISBN 0-7509-1805-5
* Richey, Stephen W. "Joan of Arc: The Warrior Saint." (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003). ISBN 0-275-98103-7
* Allmand, C. "The Hundred Years War: England and France at War c. 1300–1450." (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988). ISBN 0-521-31923-4

ee also

*Medieval warfare
*Patay
*Joan of Arc bibliography

External links

* [http://www.jeanne-darc.dk/ Jeanne d'Arc. Online University research project.]
* [http://xenophongroup.com/montjoie/orleans.htm Siege of Orleans and the Loire campaign] a detailed description with strategic and tactical maps
* [http://www.xenophongroup.com/montjoie/patay.htm The Battle of Patay] from the same site
* [http://www.maidofheaven.com/joanofarc_long_biography.asp#loire Joan of Arc And The Loire Valley Campaign] from history of Joan of Arc
* [http://www.smu.edu/ijas/travel.html Dynamic maps] of Joan of Arc's campaigns from Southern Methodist University
* [http://www.authorama.com/book/jeanne-d-arc.html Jeanne d'Arc: Her Life and Death] by Mrs. (Margaret) Oliphant
* [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11953/11953.txt A Popular History of France from the Earliest Times] by François Pierre Guillaume Guizot, vol. 3