Southern Arctic

The Southern Arctic is a Canadian terrestrial ecozone which spans the northern coast of mainland Northwest Territories, most of northern mainland Nunavut excepting the northeast peninsula, and a portion of northwestern Quebec. Its two constituent territories are interrupted by Hudson Bay.

It is sparsely populated, with less than 10,000 inhabitants in 17 major settlements, the largest of which is Rankin Inlet. About 80% of the population is Inuit.Cite web
url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/vignettes/Terrestrial/sa/human.cfm
title=Human Activities in the Southern Arctic Ecozone
work=Southern Arctic Ecozone
publisher=Environment Canada
accessdate=2008-02-07]

It includes Ivvavik National Park and Tuktut Nogait National Park.Cite web
url=http://www.pc.gc.ca/apprendre-learn/prof/itm2-crp-trc/htm/ecozone03_e.asp
title=Southern Arctic Ecozone
publisher=Parks Canada
accessdate=2008-02-07]

Geography

Its southern boundary demarcates the tree line, and to the north it meets the Northern Arctic terrestrial ecozone and the Arctic Archipelago Marine ecozone. It was formed from glacial deposits left by retreating glaciers about 8,500 years ago, which amassed into moraines cut by long eskers up to 100 km long.Cite web
url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/vignettes/Terrestrial/sa/land.cfm
title=Landforms and Climate of the Southern Arctic Ecozone
work=Southern Arctic Ecozone
publisher=Environment Canada
accessdate=2008-02-07] The scouring of the land by the 3 km thick glaciers left numerous depressions, some of which contained stray chunks of ice that, upon melting during warmer periods, created kettle lakes and ponds. The Precambrian granite bedrock of the Canadian Shield protrudes to the surface through other sedimentary deposits in some areas. Moreover, glacial erratic chunks of this rock may have been transported to other areas by the ice sheet, sometimes into surroundings with no common elements.

Permafrost occurs in a continuous, permanent sheet throughout the zone,Cite web
url=http://canadianbiodiversity.mcgill.ca/english/ecozones/southernarctic/southernarctic.htm
title=Southern Arctic
work=Canada's Ecozones, Canadian Biodiversity project
last=Bernhardt
first=Torsten
publisher=McGill University, Redpath Museum
accessdate=2008-02-07] which consists primarily of rollings plains. Just a few centimetres from the surface in some parts, it prevents water from penetrating deep into the soil, hence pooling and creating waterlogged soil that freezes regularly. Cyclic freezing and thawing of the soils results in irregular features throughout the terrain, including hummocks and polygonal shapes.

The land is characterised by "sprawling shrublands, wet sedge meadows, and cold, clear lakes".Cite web
url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/soer-ree/English/vignettes/Terrestrial/sa/default.cfm
title="Treeless North"
work=Southern Arctic Ecozone
publisher=Environment Canada
accessdate=2008-02-07]

Climate

The ecozone experiences short summers which are cool and moist, with mean July temperatures of about 10ºC. Winters are long, dark and bitterly cold, with average January mean temperatures of -30ºC. The area in Quebec is relatively warmer, with mean January temperatures of -18ºC.

Annual precipitation increases eastward through the zone, with 250 mm in the west and no more than 500 mm in the east. It also varies latitudinally, with about twice as much precipitation at its southern edge than at the northern fringes.

References