Voided biaxial slab

Voided biaxial slabs are reinforced concrete slabs in which voids reduce the amount of concrete.

While concrete have been used for thousands of years, the use of reinforced concrete is a relative recent invention, usually attributed to Joseph-Louis Lambot in 1848. Joseph Monier , a French gardener, patented a design for reinforced garden tubs in 1868, and later patented reinforced concrete beams and posts for railway and road guardrails.

The main obstacle with concrete constructions, in case of horizontal slabs, is the high weight, which limit the span. For this reason major developments of reinforced concrete have focused on enhancing the span, either by reducing the weight or overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension.

An early example is the Pantheon in Rome, build 125 AD. However not reinforced, coffers were used to reduce the weight.

Prestressed concrete, invented by Freyssinet in 1928, is a method for overcoming concrete's natural weakness in tension, thereby enabling longer span.

In the 1950ies, Hollow-core slabs, were invented. These are prefabricated, one way spanning, concrete elements with hollow cylinders. Due to the prefabrication, these are inexpensive, and reduce building time, but can be used only in one way spanning constructions, and must be supported by beams and/or fixed walls.

Due to the limitations in hollow-core slabs, primarily lack of structural integrity, inflexibility and reduced architectural possibilities, focus have been on biaxial slabs and ways to reduce the weight. Several methods have been introduced during the last decades, but with very limited success, due to major problems with shear capacity and fire resistance as well as impractical execution.

For decades, several attempts have been made to create biaxial slabs with hollow cavities in order to reduce the weight. Most attempts have consisted of laying blocks of a less heavy material like expanded polystyrene between the bottom and top reinforcement, while other types including waffle slabs / grid slabs. Of these types, only waffle slabs can be regarded to have a certain use in the market. But the use will always be very limited due to reduced resistances towards shear, local punching and fire. The idea of placing large blocks of light material in the slab suffers from the same flaws, why the use of these systems never have gained acceptance, and are only used in a limited number of projects in Spanish speaking countries.

In the 1990ies, a new system was invented, eliminating the above problems. The so called BubbleDeck technology (Dutch: Bollenplaatvloer, German: Zweiachsigen Hohlkörperdecke, Icelandic: Kuluplotur, Danish: Bobledæk) invented by Jørgen Breuning, locks ellipsoids between the top and bottom reinforcement meshes, thereby creating a natural cell structure, acting like a solid slab. For the first time a voided biaxial slab is created with the same capabilities as a solid slab, but with considerably less weight due to the elimination of superfluous concrete.

Some years ago an Italian engineer, Roberto Il Grande, developed a new system of lightenings, in order to decrease the transportation costs (and CO₂ production). The name of the product is U-boot, and its biggest advantage is that it is stackable. The second innovation is the shape: U-boot creates a grid of orthogonal "I" beams, so the calculation of the reinforcement can be effected by any static engineer according to Eurocode, British Standards or local norms.The idea of voided biaxial slabs is improved by means of U-boot system.More info:http://www.daliform.org/public/daliform-book2008-EN-G-uboot.pdf http://www.daliform.com/films/movie/U-boot-English.mpg

Composition

The geometry of the voided biaxial deck (BubbleDeck slabs or short, BD) is identified by ellipsoids of a certain size, placed in a precise modular grid.

All geometrical parameters of the slab can be described by a single parameter, the modulus named “a”.Modulus and corresponding deck heights are manufactured in steps (modulus in steps of 25 mm, and effective heights in steps of 50 mm) [ [http://www.BubbleDeck.com BubbleDeck.com] ]

In principle, fixing of the ellipsoids can be made in numerous ways, but using only the reinforcement meshes reduces superfluous material consumption and allows for an optimal geometrical proportion between concrete, reinforcement and voids.

The voids are positioned in the middle of the cross section, where concrete has limited effect, while maintaining solid sections in top and bottom where high stresses can exist. Hence, the slab is fully functional with regards to both positive and negative bending.

Theory

In principle, BubbleDeck slabs acts like solid slabs. Designing is consequently like for solid slabs, just with less load corresponding to the reduced amount of concrete. Thorough investigations according to Eurocodes are made at universities in Germany, Netherlands and Denmark, concluding that a BubbleDeck slab acts like as a solid slab. [ Martina Schnellenbach-Held, StefanEhmann, Karsten Pfeffer: “BubbleDeck- New Ways in Concrete Building”. Technische UniversitätDarmstadt, DACON Volume 13, 1998 ] [ Martina Schnellenbach-Held, Karsten Pfeffer: “BubbleDeck Design of Biaxial Hollow Slabs”. Technische Universität Darmstadt, DACONVolume 14, 1999 ] [ BubbleDeck Report from A+U Research Institute /Professor Kleinmann - the Eindhoven University of Technology / the Netherlands, 1999 ] [ BubbleDeck Test Report by Koning & Bienfait b.v. / The Netherlands, 1998 ] [ [http://www.tu-cottbus.de/Massivbau/Downloads/Vortrag_Schwitzke.pdf Report of BubbleDeck from Technische Universitaet in Cottbus] ] [ Report from the Eindhoven University of Technology / the Netherlands: ” Broad comparison of concrete floor systems”. December 1997 ] [ [http://www.byg.dtu.dk/upload/institutter/byg/publications/rapporter/byg-r074.pdf BubbleDeck Report from Technical University of Denmark, 2003] ] [ Report from Adviesbureau Peutz & Associes b.v.: ”Comparison of BubbleDeck vs. Hollow core”. Netherlands, 1997 ] [ "Optimising of Concrete Constructions"; - The Engineering School in Horsens / Denmark, 2000 ]

The BubbleDeck technology is directly incorporated in national standards, such as the CUR in the Netherlands. [ [http://www.bubbledeck.nl/files/file.php5?id=2 BubbleDeck.nl : CUR-aanbeveling 86-01] ]

hear

The main difference between a solid slab and a voided biaxial slab refers to shear resistance. Due to the reduced concrete volume, the shear resistance will also be reduced.

For a BubbleDeck slab the shear resistance is proportional to the amount of concrete, as the special geometry shaped by the ellipsoidal voids acts like the famous Roman arch, hence enablingall concrete to be effective. Notice, this is only valid when considering the BubbleDeck technology. Other types of voided biaxial slabs have reduced resistances towards shear, local punching and fire.

In practise, the reduced shear resistance will not lead to problems, as balls are simply left out where the shear is high, at columns and walls. [ Martina Schnellenbach-Held, Heiko Denk: “BubbleDeck Time-Dependent Behaviour, Local Punching Additional Experimental Tests”. TechnischeUniversität Darmstadt, DACON Volume 14, 1999 ] [ Schnellenbach-Held, M., Pfeffer, K.: “Tragverhalten zweiachsigerHohlkörperdecken, Beton- und Stahlbetonbau” 96 [9] , 573-578 (2001) ] [ Pfeffer, K.: “Untersuchung zum Biege- und Durchstanztragverhalten vonzweiachsigen Hohlkörperdecken”. Fortschritt-Berichte VDI, VDI-Verlag, Düsseldorf 2002 ] [ "Punching Shear Strength of BubbleDeck" - The Technical University of Denmark, 2002 ] [ [http://www.massivbau.tu-darmstadt.de/dacon/2003/slabs.pdf BubbleDeck Test report from University of Darmstadt by Markus Aldejohann, Martina Schnellenbach-Held, 2003] ] [ BubbleDeck Report from AEC Consulting Engineers Ltd. / Professor M.P. Nielsen - The Technical University of Denmark, 1993 ]

Fire

As a BubbleDeck slab acts like a solid slab, the fire resistance is just a matter of the amount of concrete layer. The fireresistance is dependent on the temperature in the rebars and hence the transport of heat. As the top and bottom of the BubbleDeck slab is solid, andthe rebars are placed in this solid part, the fire resistance can be designed according to demands. [ [http://www.massivbau.tu-darmstadt.de/dacon/2002/bubbledeck.pdf BubbleDeck Test report from University of Darmstadt by Markus Aldejohann and Martina Schnellenbach-Held, 2002] ] [ TNO-Report on BubbleDeck for the Weena Tower / Rotterdam / the Netherlands, 1997 ] [ TNO-Report for 230 mm BubbleDeck: ”Fire-safe in 120 minutes” the Netherlands, 1999 ]

ound

Tests have been carried out in Germany, [ German Test Certificate Number P-SAC 02/IV-065 according to DIN 4102-2 concerning BubbleDeck slabs, 2001] UK [ BubbleDeck Test Report from Ian Sharland Ltd Airborne and Impact SoundInsulation”.November 2005 ] and the Netherlands [ BubbleDeck Test Report from Adviesbureau Peutz & Associes b.v.: ”SoundResistance”.March 2004 ] according to ISO 140-4:1998, ISO140-7:1998, ISO 717-1:1997 and ISO 717-2:1997 measuring impact and airborne sound. These tests show that 230 mm and thicker BubbleDeck slabs can meet thenational rules.

eismic

There exits different approches and opinions of design methods - but some general guiding principles are:

*Low weight/stiffness ratio – influence of impact is proportional with weight

*Simplicity and symmetry and uniform extent – Lessen the impact effect Uniform and continuous distribution/flow of forces

*Monolithic, continuous and ductile structure

The BubbleDeck system fulfil these principles:

*Saves 35% weight compared to a corresponding solid slab – equal stiffnes

*Simple, monolithic behaviour, uniform and continuous distribution of Forces

*Max ductile structure - increased ductility due to increased strength/weight ratio

Approvals

*Dutch Standards: From November 2001, The BubbleDeck system is incorporated in the Dutch Standards (by CUR – Civieltechnisch Centrum Uitvoering Research en Regelgeving.

*UK Standards: The BubbleDeck system can be treated as a normal flat slab supported on columns (BS 8110) according to CRIC (Concrete Research & Innovation Centre under the Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine), 1997.

*Danish Standards: The BubbleDeck system can be calculated from recognized principles and within existing standards - Directorate of Building and Housing, Municipality of Copenhagen, 1996.

*German Standards: The BubbleDeck system can be used according to existing technical standards according to Deutsches Institut für Bautechnik, 1994.

Advantages

Comparisons

A two way spanning voided biaxial slab construction compared to a traditional two way spanning non voided biaxial slab construction:

*The reduced weight of the slab will typical result in a change in design to longer spans and/or reduced deck thickness. The overall concrete consumption can be reduced with up to 50% depending on design, as a consequence of reduced mass in slabs, vertical structure and foundation.

A two way spanning biaxial slab construction compared to a one way spanning deck (traditionally a hollow core):

*One way spanning decks are supported by a combination of walls and beams. This leads to rigid and inflexible structures. This type of structure should be used with care in seismic regions due to the risk of progressive collapse. [ [http://www.lbfdtraining.com/usar/Rescue%20Specialist-Unit2%20-%20Structural%20Eng.%20Systems.pdf Report on building systems in relation to seismic behaviour] ] . [ [http://www.civilica.com/Paper-ICELC01-ICELC01_69.html "Investigation of seismic behaviour of hollow-core slabs by various methods" by Dr. M.R. Adlparvar et al., Azad University Tehran South Unit] ] As this floor type is made of complete prefab elements with no structural coherence, support moments are absent, resulting in increased material consumption.

A two way spanning voided biaxial slab construction, BubbleDeck, compared to older voided slab constructions:

*Acts like a solid slab. Do not have the earlier problems with reduced resistances towards shear, local punching and fire.

In general

Different building types have different advantages, but general benefits include:

* Design Freedom – flexible layout easily adapts to irregular & curved plan layouts.

* Reduced Dead Weight -35% removed allowing smaller foundation sizes.

* Longer spans between columns – up to 50% further than traditional structures.

* Downstand Beams eliminated – quicker & cheaper erection of walls and services.

* Load bearing walls eliminated – facilitating MMC with lightweight building envelopes.

* Reduced concrete usage – 1 kg recycled plastic replaces 100 kg of concrete.

* Environmentally Green and Sustainable – reduced energy & carbon emissions.

8% of global CO2 emissions are due to cement production. 1 tonne of cement: [ [http://content.asce.org/files/pdf/SEICongressStructuralengineersandLEED07Apr29.pdf Report from American Society of Civil Engineers: "Structural engineers, sustainability and LEED", p. 33, by Diana Klein] ]

* Releases 1 tonne of CO2

* Consumes 5 million BTU of energy

* Uses 2 tonnes of raw materials

Due to the BubbleDeck technologys green gredentials, the use of the BubbleDeck system qualifies for LEED points in North America. [ [http://www.rjc.ca/cms/index.cfm?group_id=1147&office_id=1189&type_id=1228&project_id=1326 Read, Jones and Christoffersen: BubbleDeck LEED points in North America] ] [ [http://content.asce.org/files/pdf/SEICongressStructuralengineersandLEED07Apr29.pdf Report from American Society of Civil Engineers: "Structural engineers, sustainability and LEED", p. 39 by Diana Klein] ]

Applications

The Biaxial deck can be implemented in three versions according to degree of prefabrication:

*“Reinforcement modules”: Comprising prefabricated “bubble-lattice” sandwich elements to be placed on traditional formwork. Building time is reduced compared to conventional on site construction.Suitable for the majority of new-build projects, also suspended ground floor slabs and alteration / refurbishing projects.

*“Filigree elements”: Where the bottom side of the 'bubble-lattice' unit is furnished with a pre-cast concrete layer which replaces the horizontal part of the formwork on the building site, optimizing both building time and quality by prefabrication.Acts directly like a seamless ceiling. Suitable for the majority of new-build projects.

*“Finished elements”: Finished panels, complete precast slab elements. These can be used for limited areas such as balconies or staircases.

The BubbleDeck technology can benefit most buildings. However, as it is a biaxial deck technology, the use will focus on biaxial slab designs.

Functional applicability: Residential living, offices, utility and industrial buildings. Used in offices, apartments, villas, hotels, schools, parking, hospitals, laboratories and factories.

As a consequence of the reduced load, it is possible to achieve larger spans than a solid slab. Depending of the design, spans of 20 to 40 times the deck height are possible. Cantilevers can be made 10 times the deck height. By incorporating PT cables, these spans can be further enhanced.

The effect of PT cables in a BubbleDeck slab is enhanced, because of the relative high deck height compared to the moment strength. This combination could seem like the perfect match for several applications.

Implementation

Execution

The overall floor area can be divideddown into a series of planned individual elements, up to 3 m wide dependentupon site access, which are manufactured off-site using MMC techniques. Theseelements comprise the top and bottom reinforcement mesh, sized to suit thespecific project, joined together with vertical lattice girders with the voidformers trapped between the top and bottom mesh reinforcement to fix theiroptimum position. This is termed a ‘bubble-reinforcement’ sandwich,which is then cast into bottom layer of 60 mm pre-cast concrete, encasing thebottom mesh reinforcement, to provide permanent formwork within part of theoverall finished slab depth.

On site the individual elements are then ‘stitched’ together with loose reinforcement simply laidcentrally across the joints between elements. The splice bars are insertedloose above the pre-cast concrete layer between the bubbles, and purpose mademesh sheets tied across the top reinforcement mesh to join the elementstogether. After the site finishing, concrete is poured and cured. Thistechnique provides structural continuity across the entire floor slab –the joints between elements are then redundant without any structural effect– to create a seamless biaxial floor slab.

Installations

The BubbleDeck concept simplifies the placement of installations like ducts and heating/cooling systems directly in theslab. This enhances the nature of the slim flat slab structure. The tubes caneither be placed in the bubble-lattice as prefab, or onsite before concreting.Thermal heating/cooling in slabs can substantial reduce the energy consumption. [ [http://www.europeanconcrete.eu/index.php?option=com_docman&task=cat_view&Itemid=5&gid=24 Reports from European Concrete Platform: "Concrete for energy-efficient buildings - The benefits of thermal mass"] ] [ [http://www.cibse.org/pdfs/Embedded%20Hydronic%20Pipe%20Sys.pdf "Cooling and heating of buildings by activating their thermal mass with embedded hydronic pipe systems" by Bjarne W. Olesen, Ph.D. and D. F. Liedelt, Technical University of Denmark] ] [ [http://www.concretethinker.com/Papers.aspx?DocId=8 Article from Concretethinkerz: "Radiant Floors"] ] [ [http://www.ashrae.org.sg/Olesen-radiant%20heating%20and%20cooling.pdf "Radiant heating and cooling by embedded water-based systems" by Bjarne W. Olesen, PH.D., Technical University of Denmark] ] [ [http://www.teknologisk.dk/_root/media/22766_14_Bedre%20termisk%20komfort%20med%20beton_JSD.pdf "Thermal advantages of concret - a European study" by Jesper Sand Damtoft, Report from Teknologisk Institut] ] [ [http://www.cowi.dk/NR/rdonlyres/593DAE8D-FA2A-4158-8014-565B08144A4F/0/02331982080e05a_high.pdf "Heating and cooling with thermoactive hydronic elements" Report from COWI, 2006] ]

Examples

The possibilities of the concept are shown in the following examples of constructions made by the BubbleDecktechnology:

University, Utrecht in the Netherlands:

Vogaskoli, School in Reykjavik, Iceland:

Sogn Arena, Oslo in Norway:

City Hall and Offices, Glostrup in Denmark:

Prizes and Awards

*The BubbleDeck technology have received several prizes and recognitions:

*The Dutch Building Prize, the Netherlands 1999

*The Industrial Environmental Prize, the Netherlands 1999

*The Stubeco Building Prize for Execution, the Netherlands 2000

*Innovation Award, the Netherlands 2000

*RIO Award, Germany 2003

*“Building of the Year” for Office buildings, Denmark 2004

*Jersey Construction Awards: “Best Use of Innovation”, Jersey 2005

BubbleDeck was also nominated for the ”European Environmental Prize for Sustainable Development”

References

ee also

Concrete

Reinforced concrete

Building construction

Construction engineering

Structural engineering

Rebar

External links

* [http://www.arabianbusiness.com/26 Arabian Business]
* [http://www.wnibonline.com/Pages/PRdetail.aspx?articleId=6088 WNIB online]
* [http://www.bouwweb.nl/persmap2005/050716bubbledeck.html Bouwweb]
* [http://www.bdonline.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=3062536 BD online]
* [http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/it_telekom/allmant/article5640.ece Ny Teknik]