Harry Hinsley

Sir Francis Harry Hinsley OBE (26 November, 1918 – 16 February, 1998) was an English historian and cryptanalyst who worked at Bletchley Park during the Second World War and wrote widely on the history of international relations and British Intelligence during the Second World War. He was known as Harry Hinsley.

Hinsley was educated at Queen Mary's Grammar School, Walsall, and in 1937 won a scholarship to study history at St. John's College, Cambridge.Longhorn, 2004] In October 1939, while still studying at St. John's, he was summoned to an interview with Alastair Denniston, head of the Government Code and Cypher School (GC&CS), and was thereby recruited to Bletchley Park's naval section in Hut 4. [Kahn, 1991, p. 120]

Bletchley Park

At Bletchley Park, Hinsley studied the external characteristics of intercepted German messages, a process sometimes termed "traffic analysis": from call signs, frequencies, times of interception, and so forth, he was able to deduce a great deal of information about the structure of the German Navy's communication networks, and even about the structure of the German Navy itself. [Kahn, 1991, p. 121]

Hinsley helped initiate a program of seizing Enigma machines and keys from German weather ships, such as the "Lauenburg", thereby facilitating Bletchley Park's resumption of interrupted breaking of German Naval Enigma.

In late 1943, Hinsley was sent to liaise with the US Navy in Washington, with the result that an agreement was reached in January 1944 to cooperate in exchanging results on Japanese Naval signals [Michael Smith, "How the British Broke Japan's Codes", p. 148 in "Action this Day", edited by Ralph Erskine and Michael Smith, 2001]

Towards the end of the war, Hinsley, by then a key aide to Bletchley Park chief Edward Travis, was part of a committee which argued for a post-war intelligence agency that would combine both signals intelligence and human intelligence in a single organisation. In the event, the opposite occurred, with GC&CS becoming GCHQ. [Michael Smith, prefatory remarks to Richard J. Aldrich, "Cold War Codebreaking and Beyond: The Legacy of Bletchley Park", p. 403 in "Action this Day", edited by Ralph Erskine and Michael Smith, 2001]

On 6 April 1946, Hinsley married Hilary Brett Brett-Smith who had also worked at Bletchley Park, in Hut 8.

Hinsley was awarded the OBE in 1946, and was knighted in 1985.

Career as a historian

After the war, Hinsley returned to St John's College and lectured in history, being in 1969 appointed professor of the history of international relations. From 1981 to 1983 he was vice-chancellor of the University of Cambridge. [ [http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/offices/v-c/vicechancellors.html Cambridge Vice-Chancellors] ]

Hinsley edited the multi-volume "official history of British Intelligence in the Second World War", and argued that Enigma decryption had speeded Allied victory by 1-4 years while not fundamentally altering the war's outcome.

He was criticized by Marian Rejewski [Marian Rejewski, "Remarks on Appendix 1 to "British Intelligence in the Second World War" by F.H. Hinsley," translated by Christopher Kasparek, "Cryptologia", vol. 6, no. 1 (January 1982), pp. 75-83.] and Gordon Welchman, [Gordon Welchman, "From Polish Bomba to British Bombe: the Birth of Ultra," "Intelligence and National Security", vol. 1, no. 1, 1986, pp. 71-110.] who took exception to inaccuracies in Hinsley's accounts of the history of Enigma decryption in the early volumes of his official history, including crucial errors in chronology. Subsequently a revised account of the Polish, French and British contribution was included in Volume 3 part 2.

The volumes of "British Intelligence in the Second World War" edited by Hinsley and published by Her Majesty's Stationery Office (HMSO) London are:
* Volume 1: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations, F. H. Hinsley with E. E. Thomas, C. F. G. Ransome and R. C. Knight, (1979, HMSO) ISBN 0 11 630933 4
* Volume 2: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations, F. H. Hinsley with E. E. Thomas, C. F. G. Ransome and R. C. Knight, (1981, HMSO) ISBN 0 11 630934 2
* Volume 3, Part 1: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations, F. H. Hinsley with E. E. Thomas, C. F. G. Ransome and R. C. Knight, (1984, HMSO) ISBN 0 11 630935 0
* Volume 3, Part 2: Its Influence on Strategy and Operations, F. H. Hinsley with E. E. Thomas, C. A. G. Simkins, and C. F. G. Ransom, (1988, HMSO) ISBN 0 11 630940 7
**Includes "Bibliography" (pages 961-974), and "The Polish, French and British Contributions to the Breaking of the Enigma; a Revised Account" (Appendix 30, pages 945-959).
* Volume 4: Security and Counter-Intelligence, F. H. Hinsley and C. A. G. Simkins, (1990, HMSO) ISBN 0 11 630952 0
* Abridged Version, F. H. Hinsley, (1993, HMSO) ISBN 0 11 630956 3 (& 1993, Cambridge University Press) ISBN 0 521 44304 0

Hinsley also co-edited (with Alan Stripp) and contributed to "Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park" (1993), which contains personal accounts from those who worked at Bletchley Park.

NB: Volume 5 of British Intelligence in the Second World War: Strategic Deception was written by Michael Howard (1990, HMSO) ISBN 0 11 630954 7

External links

* [http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/Research/Security/Historical/hinsley.html Sir Harry Hinsley: The Influence of ULTRA in the Second World War]
* [http://intellit.muskingum.edu/uk_folder/ukwwii_folder/ukwwiihinsley.html Comments on Hinsley's publications]

References

* Richard Longhorn, "Hinsley, Sir (Francis) Harry (1918-1998)", in the "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography", 2004.
* David Kahn, "Seizing the Enigma", 1991, ISBN 0 395 42739 8.