- Upasarga
Upasarga is a term used in Sanskrit grammar for a special class of twenty prepositional particles prefixed to verbs or to action nouns. [Monier-Williams, p.210] In
Vedic , these prepositions are separable from verbs; in classical Sanskrit the prefixing is obligatory.The twenty prepositions are recognized in IAST|Pāṇini's IAST|Aṣṭādhyāyī at 1.4.58-59, [Katre, p.91] and are enumerated in the IAST|gaṇapāṭha (#154): [Katre, p.1301]
* "pra"- "forth"
* "parā"- "away"
* "apa"- "away"
* "sam"- "with"
* "anu"- "after"
* "ava"- "off, down"
* "IAST|niḥ"- "away"
* "IAST|duḥ"- "bad, difficult, hard"
* "vi"- "apart, asunder"
* "ā"- "near"
* "ni"- "down"
* "adhi"- "over"
* "api"- "proximate"
* "ati"- "beyond"
* "su"- "good, excellent"
* "ut"- "up(wards)"
* "abhi"- "to, towards"
* "prati"- "against"
* "pari"- "round, around"
* "upa"- "towards, near"By the usual rules of euphonic combination the two prepositions ending in
visarga , "IAST|niḥ" and "IAST|duḥ", have the alternative forms "nis"-/"nir"- and "dus"-/"dur"- respectively. The IAST|gaṇapāṭha listing has these variants, not the forms inpausa , and thus has twenty-two items in all.A versified form of this list may be found in modern primers or textbooks:
Quotation
IAST|praparāpasamanvavanirdurabhivyadhisūdatinipratiparyapayaḥ
IAST|upa-āńiti viṃsatireṣa sakhe upasargavidhiḥ kathitaḥ kavināNotes
References
* Monier-Williams, M., "A Sanskrit English Dictionary", (reprint) New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 2005 ISBN 81-208-3105-5
* Katre, Sumitra M., "IAST|Aṣṭādhyāyī of Pānini", New Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass 1989
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