Inventoried roadless area

Inventoried Roadless Areas are a group of United States Forest Service lands that have been identified by government reviews as lands without existing roads that could be suitable for roadless area conservation as wilderness or other non-standard protections [ [http://roadless.fs.fed.us/ Forest Service Roadless Website] ] . The Inventoried Roadless areas include approximately convert|60000000|acre|km2 of land in 40 states and Puerto Rico. Most of these lands are in the western portion of the lower 48 states and Alaska Maps of inventoried roadless areas: [http://roadless.fs.fed.us/maps/usmap2.shtml US Forest Service Maps] ; [http://roadlessland.org Roadlesland.org (Interactive Map (with photographs)] ] . Idaho alone contains over nine million acres (36,000 km²) of inventoried roadless areas [Idaho Roadless Areas Maps: [http://roadless.fs.fed.us/states/id/state3.shtml USFS] ; [http://roadlessland.org/map.php?state=ID Roadlessland.org] ] . The inventoried roadless areas range from large unroaded areas with wilderness characteristics [ [http://roadlessland.org/map.php?id=2199 White Cloud - Boulder Roadless Area, Sawtooth National Forest, ID (139,229 acres)] - example of a large roadless area with wilderness characteristics.] to small tracts of land that are immediately adjacent to wilderness areas, parks and other protected lands [ [http://roadlessland.org/map.php?id=889 Ken Mountain Roadless Area, Chattahoochee National Forest, GA (527 acres)] - example of a small roadless area adjacent to an already protected area.] .

Roadless Area Review and Evaluations (RARE)

The first review of Forest Service roadless lands was started in 1967 after the creation of the Wilderness Act by Congress in 1964. This effort was called the “Roadless Area Review and Evaluation” or “RARE I”, and culminated in 1972 with a finding that convert|56000000|acre|km2 that were suitable to be designated as wilderness. The RARE I recommendations were abandoned by the forest service after courts ruled that the agency had not sufficiently complied with the regulations of the National Environmental Protection Act (NEPA). A second roadless inventory, RARE II, was initiated in 1977, which culminated in a recommendation of wilderness designation for convert|15000000|acre|km2 of national forest land and further study for another convert|10800000|acre|km2 [ [http://roadless.fs.fed.us/data/pdfdocs/rare2.pdf Roadless Area Review and Evaluation II (RARE II) (Forest Service) **very large! - 52mb**] ] . This set of recommendations was also quickly challenged in the courts and largely voided as a result [http://works.bepress.com/robert_glicksman/2/ Traveling in opposite directions: roadless area management under the Clinton and Bush Administrations.(Public Lands Management at the Crossroads: Balancing Interests in the 21st century).] Robert L. Glicksman. Environmental Law 34.4 (Fall 2004) ] .

2001 Roadless Rule

The most recent review of inventoried roadless areas began in 1998 under the oversight of Michael Dombeck, then head of the US Forest Service. This review was finished in 2000 and culminated in a set of Forest Service rulings in 2001 that are collectively known as the Roadless Rule. [ [http://roadless.fs.fed.us/documents/rule/index.shtml The Final USFS Roadless Rule] ] [http://www.wilderness.org/OurIssues/Roadless/index.cfm?TopLevel=Home National Forest Roadless Areas] ] The Roadless Rule of 2001 is without debate the most far-reaching conservation action taken by the federal government since the Wilderness Act of 1964 [ [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00365.x Conservation Science and Forest Service Policy for Roadless Areas] ( Conservation Biology) Volume 20 Issue 3 Page 713-722, June 2006] . The rule does not specifically protect roadless areas from development nor does it strictly prohibit multiple use activities on these lands. Specifically, the rule was aimed at controlling the amount of road-building activities undertaken by the forest service, which has more miles of roads under its control than the US Interstate Highway System.

In 2008, conservationists marked the 10 year anniversary of the Roadless Area Conservation Rule with a panel of speakers headed by former U.S. Forest Service Chief Michael Dombeck. At the event, Dombeck said, "In spite of seven years of Bush administration effort, roadless areas remain protected in the National Forests of the lower 48 states, but more litigation to remove protection is in progress with the outcome uncertain." [http://wilderness.org/NewsRoom/Release/20080122.cfm Conservationists Celebrate 10-Year Roadless Forests Anniversary - Panel heralds benefits, discuss attacks on policy protecting 58.5 million acres of wilderness] ]

Rationale for limiting road construction

The rationale for limiting road-building in the inventoried roadless areas was to minimize the negative environmental impacts of roads construction, maintenance, and automobile traffic. Over the past several decades, researchers have documented a wide range of impacts that roads have on the environment [ [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.99084.x Review of the Ecological Effects of Roads on Terrestrial and Aquatic Communities] Stephen C. Trombulak & Christopher A. Frissell, Conservation Biology V.14, No. 1, pp.18-30. ] . In this sense, the roadless rule provided a great deal of protection to a large group of lands that previously had little protection within the current forest service administrative structure. The second impetus for the creation of the Roadless Rule was an effort to expand the system of protected federal lands to include ecosystems that were not very well represented in the current system of National Parks, wilderness areas, and preserves. To a great degree, the current system of parks and wilderness areas in the U.S. is very successful at preserving high elevation ecosystems – places that are rugged, beautiful and otherwise difficult to develop. The Roadless Area Review and Evaluation, and several studies since, concluded that ecosystems that exist at mid elevations are not well represented in the US system of protected lands, and many of the inventoried roadless areas include these areas [Several studies have found that ecosystems that exist between 3,000 and convert|11000|ft|m are not well represented in the protected area system. The two best efforts have been the following: [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2005.00996.x Assessing the value of roadless areas in a conservation reserve strategy: biodiversity and landscape connectivity in the northern Rockies] by M. R. Crist, B. Wilmer & G. H. Aplet, Ecological Society, Journal of Applied Ecology 42, 181–191, 2005; [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2001.99577.x Importance of Roadless Areas in Biodiversity Conservation in Forested Ecosystems: Case Study of the Klamath-Siskiyou Ecoregion of the United States] by James R. Strittholt & Dominick A. Dellasala, Conservation Biology V.15 No. 6, pp. 1742-1754, 2001] .

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