Aurora Quezon

Infobox_Officeholder
honorific-prefix =
name =Aurora Quezon


honorific-suffix =
order=2^nd First Lady of the Philippines
term_start= November 15, 1935
term_end= August 1, 1944
predecessor = Hilaria Aguinaldo
successor = Pacencia Laurel
birth_date = Birth date|1888|02|19
birth_place =Baler, Tayabas, Philippines
death_date = Death date and age|1949|04|28|1888|02|19
death_place =Bongabon, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
restingplace =Quezon Memorial Circle
restingplacecoordinates =coord|14|39|2|N|121|2|54|E|display=inline
birthname =Aurora Antonia Aragon y Molina
religion=Roman Catholic
spouse = Manuel L. Quezon
children =
relations =

Aurora Antonia Aragón de Quezon (born Aurora Antonia Aragón y Molina on February 19, 1888 – April 28, 1949), usually known simply as Aurora Quezon, was the wife of Philippine President Manuel Luis Quezon and the First Lady of the Philippines from 1935 to 1944. Though she is recognized as the second First Lady of the Philippines, she was actually the first spouse of a Philippine president to be called as such, the honorific being unknown during the presidency of Emilio Aguinaldo, and thus not applied at that time to his wife Hilaria. Much beloved by Filipinos, Quezon was known for involvement with humanitarian activities and served as the first Chairperson of the Philippine National Red Cross.

Five years after her husband's death, Quezon and her daughter "Baby" were assassinated while they were en route to open a hospital dedicated to the late President. The province of Aurora was named in her memory.

Early life

Quezon was born on February 19, 1888 to Pedro Aragón and Zeneida Molina, in the town of Baler in Tayabas province.Filipinos in History, p. 117] During the Philippine Revolution, her father was imprisoned by the Spanish for being suspected as being a member of the Katipunan; he would die in captivity. Among her tutors during her youth was her mother's sister, Maria Dolores Molina, who was the mother of her first cousin and future husband Manuel Luis Quezon. After her father's imprisonment, she was taken in by her aunt Maria Dolores and uncle Lucio, and she lived for a time under the same roof as her future spouse. [Filipinos in History, p. 117. "Quezon's mother took her under her wings. As a consequence, she became the favorite of Manuel's father. Living in the same roof, Manuel and his first cousin shared a joyful company (sic)."] After Manuel's own parents had died, he would stay with the Aragon family whenever he was in Baler. [cite book |author=Manuel F. Martinez |title=Assassinations and Conspiracies: From Rajah Humabon to Imelda Marcos |chapter=Mission Possible:Assassinate Quezon — and Mrs. Quezon |year=2002 |publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc. |location=Pasig City |isbn=971-27-1218-4 |pages=147 ]

After Pedro Aragon's death, his survivors, including daughter Aurora, had been cast into extreme poverty, surviving on subsistence farming.Martinez, p. 138] This experience was said to have shaped young Aurora's lifelong attitude of according equal treatment to everybody, no matter their status in life. The Aragon family later moved to Lucena where Manuel Luis Quezon was then serving as the provincial fiscal of Tayabas.Filipinos in History, p. 118] Aurora, who had wanted to become a school teacher, enrolled at the Philippine Normal College in Manila at the expense of her future husband, but had to stop her studies after two years due to her poor health.

Marriage and family

In 1907, Manuel Luis Quezon was elected to the Philippine Assembly. By 1916, he was elected to the Philippine Senate and as that chamber's President. Aurora often visited Manuel in Manila. In December, 1918, they were married in Hong Kong. They had four children: Maria Aurora or "Baby" (1919-1949); Maria Zeneida or "Nini" (b. 1921); Luisa Corazon Paz (1924-1924); and Manuel Lucio, Jr. or "Nonong" (1926-1998). Luisa would die in infancy.

The marriage lasted until President Quezon's death in 1944. It withstood despite Manuel's reputation as a libertine; the author Stanley Karnow described Mrs. Quezon as finding "solace in prayer and the Philippine law against divorce". [cite book |last=Karnow |first=Stanley |authorlink=Stanley Karnow |title=In Our
] Still, Aurora has also been described as "a devoted wife and a strict but understanding mother".Filipinos in History, p. 119] Manuel Quezon himself publicly extolled his wife as "my friend, companion and partner". [Martinez, p. 146]

Political wife and First Lady

Within the first seventeen years of the marriage, Manuel Quezon emerged as a dominant figure in Philippine politics. His career reached its apex in 1935, when he was elected President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. During her husband's political life, Aurora Quezon stayed in the background, involving herself with women's organizations such as the National Federation of Women's Clubs, of which she was the honorary chairman.

Time Magazine described Quezon as "dignified and portly". [cite news| title=Prelude to Dictatorship? |url=http://www.time.com/time/printout/0,8816,764524,00.html |publisher=Time Magazine |date=1940-9-2 |accessdate=2008-05-03 ] The Quezons were the first presidential couple to reside in Malacañang Palace, but she spent as little time as possible there, preferring to stay in a "nipa house" in Malacañang Park or in her farm, Kaleidan, in Arayat, Pampanga. She nevertheless was an active First Lady. During her husband's presidency, Quezon engaged herself in the campaign to give Filipino women the right of suffrage (to vote), which was achieved in 1937. She was particularly involved in managing the family's Arayat farm to demonstrate how social justice could be applied to landlord-tenant relationships in an agrarian setting. Quezon was involved in the Girl Scouts of the Philippines and the "Associacion de Damas Filipinas", a noted orphanage in Manila. She was also the honorary president of another orphanage, the White Cross, located in San Juan.

President Quezon was re-elected in November 1941, but his presidency was immediately beset with crisis when Japan invaded the Philippines in the following month. Aurora accompanied her husband to Corregidor in December, 1941, where the President was sworn in by Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos for his second term on December 30, 1941. For the next two months, the Quezon family remained in Corregidor where, despite the difficult living conditions, Quezon was said to have maintained her poise and kept up with a daily mass.cite web |author=Leon Ma. Guerrero |title=Mrs. Quezon |url=http://www.quezon.ph/family/aurora-a-quezon/mrs-quezon-by-leon-ma-guerrero |work=Family Info |publisher=We Filipinos (1953) & Manuel Luis Quezon III (2006) |year=1953 |accessdate=2008-05-03 ] In February 1942, they began their long journey via Australia to escape the Japanese, finally reaching the United States in June 1942.

While in exile, Mrs. Quezon devoted her time to the care of her ailing husband, who died in Saranac, New York from tuberculosis on August 1, 1944. She then moved to California to await their return to the Philippines. She and her daughters volunteered as nurses for the Red Cross.

Postwar activity

When Mrs. Quezon returned to the Philippines she was voted a pension of 1,000 pesos a month by the Philippine Congress. She returned the check, explaining: "I feel that on account of ... countless war widows and orphans ... I should waive collection of a pension . . . I cannot, in good conscience, receive ... Government assistance when so many of my less fortunate sisters and their children are not yet taken care of. . . I know [if I accepted] I would not be keeping faith with the memory of my beloved husband. . . ."cite news |title=The Letter |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,886809,00.html |publisher=Time Magazine |date=1946-01-14 |accessdate=2008-05-03 ] This act, it was said, "demonstrated why thousands of Filipinos regard her as a combination queen-mother and patron saint". Quezon was offered a slot in the Liberal Party senatorial slate for the 1946 elections, which she declined. She however endorsed the presidential candidacy of Manuel Roxas [cite news|title=Mud & Cigars |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,792771,00.html |publisher=Time Magazine |date=1946-04-22 |accessdate=2008-05-03] , who defeated her husband's vice-president and successor, Sergio Osmeña, to win the presidency.

In 1947, with the active support of Quezon, the Philippine National Red Cross was established as an independent Red Cross organization. She became the first Chairperson of the Philippine National Red Cross, holding the position until her death. She also was named as honorary vice-president of the Philippine Tuberculosis Society.

She continued to be involved in civic work, such as the efforts to rebuild the Antipolo Church.She received honorary doctorates from the University of Santo Tomas, and from the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor. She was likewise bestowed the Ozanam Award from the Ateneo de Manila University, and the Pro Ecclessia et Pontifice Cross from Pope Pius XII.

Assassination

In the morning of April 28, 1949, Quezon left her home to travel to her husband's hometown of Baler to open the Quezon Memorial Hospital. She had been cautioned about this trip beforehand due to the frequent insurgency activities in Central Luzon of the Hukbalahap, the military arm of the Communist Party of the Philippines. She shrugged off the threat, remarking on the morning of the trip, " [Hukbalahap Supremo] Taruc knows my white hair and he will not hurt me."Martinez, p. 149] Nonetheless, a convoy of thirteen vehicles, including two military jeeps full of armed soldiers, accompanied Quezon.Martinez, p. 148] Together with Quezon in her Buick sedan was her daughter "Baby", then a law student at the University of Santo Tomas, her son-in-law Felipe "Philip" Buencamino, Quezon City mayor Ponciano Bernardo, and retired Armed Forces Chief of Staff Major General Rafael Jalandoni.

They traveled along the Baler-Bongabon Road connecting Baler with Nueva Ecija, which Quezon herself inaugurated in 1940.cite web |title=The Town Where Time Stands Still |url=http://www.aurora.ph/news/2004/dec-13e.html |work=Aurora, Philippines:News |publisher=BizNews Asia & Aurora.ph |month=December | year=2004 |accessdate=2008-05-03 ] At Quezon's request, her vehicle led the caravan, and it soon sped away from the military jeep immediately behind it. As Quezon's vehicle traversed the mountain road, it was blocked a group of armed men.Martinez, p. 150] The men ignored the protestations from General Jalandoni and Mayor Bernardo that Quezon was in the vehicle, and machine-gunfire erupted from the side of the road and from the mountain slopes.cite news |title=Murder in the Mountains |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,800220,00.html |publisher=Time Magazine |date=1949-05-09 |accessdate=2008-05-03 ] It was later estimated that between 100 to 200 armed men had participated in the attack. Mrs. Quezon, her daughter and Mayor Bernardo were killed instantly, while her son-in-law was mortally wounded. The soldiers in the convoy arrived immediately at the scene and exchange fire with the assailants, who were able to seize the valuables of the victims before fleeing the scene. In all, twelve members of the Quezon party and ten of the assailants were killed.

There was national and international condemnation of the massacre. United States President Harry Truman was shocked and simply declared, "It was awful."Martinez, p. 151] A nine-day national mourning period was declared, and President Elpidio Quirino openly wept during the funeral. Quezon was buried at Manila North Cemetery. The mourners included her two surviving children, Manuel, Jr., and Nini, who herself was widowed by the massacre. While no Philippine President has ever been assassinated, Aurora Quezon is one of three presidential spouses who have been murdered. The other two were Alicia Syquia-Quirino and Senator Benigno Aquino, Jr.

It was widely believed that the Hukbalahap was responsible for the killings. [cite web |author=Major Lawrence M. Greenburg |title=THE HUKBALAHAP INSURRECTION: A Case Study of a Successful Anti-Insurgency Operation in the Philippines, 1946-1955 |work=Historical Analysis Series |url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/coldwar/huk/ch4.htm |publisher=U.S. Army Center of Military History |year=1987 |accessdate=2008-05-03 |quote=The Huk campaign that began in November 1948 reached its peak in April 1949, with the ambush of Senora Aurora Quezon, widow of the former Philippine president. Commander Alexander Viernes, alias Stalin, took two hundred men and laid an ambush along a small country road in the Sierra Madres mountains and waited for a motorcade carrying Sra. Quezon, her daughter, and several government officials. When the ambush ended, Senora Quezon, her daughter, the mayor of Quezon City, and numerous government troops lay dead alongside the road. Although Viernes claimed a great victory, people throughout the islands, including many in central Luzon, were outraged. ] In preparation of the attack, the ambuscaders had blockaded the road and rounded up passengers from passing vehicles, and one of those passengers claimed seeing a former employee of his who had joined the Huk as among the armed men. While General Jalandoni, who survived the attack, tagged the Huks as responsible, the Chief of the Philippine Constabulary laid blame instead on bandits.cite book |last=Agoncillo |first=Teodoro |authorlink=Teodoro Agoncillo |title=History of the Filipino People |year=1990 |publisher=Garotech Publishing |location=Quezon City |isbn=9-71-871106-6 |pages=233] President Quirino blamed the Huks and responded by calling for "a people's war on the dissidents".Martinez, p. 152]

Luis Taruc, "Supremo" of the Hukbalahaps, denied that his group was responsible for the crime, though he also claimed that the Huk were conducting an investigation of their own if one of the group had breached ranks and participated in the killing. Nonetheless, after Taruc's surrender in 1954, he was formally charged for the murder of Quezon and her party, though these charges would be dropped before they could be heard on trial. [ cite news |title="Guilty Your Honor" |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,820090,00.html |publisher=Time Magazine |date=1954-09-06 |accessdate=2008-05-03 ] Throughout the 1950s, several other captured Huk members would be charged for participation in the assassination, with five of them being sentenced to death by a Cabanatuan City trial court.

On April 28, 2005, exactly fifty-six years after her death, the remains of Quezon were transferred from North Cemetery for interment in a black crypt beside her husband's sarcophagus at the Quezon Memorial in Quezon City.cite news |title=Doña Aurora Quezon's remains transferred to QC Shrine |url=http://www.gov.ph/news/default.asp?i=8833 |work=Official Website of the Republic of the Philippines |publisher=Republic of the Philippines |date=2005-04-28 |accessdate=2008-05-03 ] The re-interment rites were attended by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo and the Quezons' sole surviving child, Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña.

Legacy

The Manila Provincial Road in that traverses Quezon City to Manila was renamed to Aurora Boulevard in her honor in 1951, and in the same year, President Elpidio Quirino created the Aurora sub-province, comprising Baler and surrounding areas in the adjacent Quezon Province. In 1978, Aurora became a separate province. Manuel and Aurora Quezon are the only spouses to have respective provinces in the Philippines named after them. [Martinez, p. 147]

The Concerned Women of the Philippines have named the Aurora Aragon Quezon Peace Awards after Mrs. Quezon.

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