Bonini's paradox

Bonini's Paradox explains the difficulty in constructing models or simulations that fully capture the workings of complex systems (such as the human brain).

Modernly, the paradox was articulated by John M. Dutton and William H. Starbuck, "As a model of a complex system becomes more complete, it becomes less understandable. Alternatively, as a model grows more realistic, it also becomes just as difficult to understand as the real-world processes it represents" (Computer Simulation of Human Behaviour, 1971).

This paradox may be used by researchers to explain why complete models of the human brain and thinking processes have not been created and will undoubtedly remain difficult for years to come.

This same paradox was observed earlier from a quote by Paul Valéry, "Everything simple is false. Everything which is complex is unusable." (Notre destin et les lettres, 1937)

Also, the same topic has been discussed by Richard Levins in his classic essay "The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology", in stating that complex models have 'too many parameters to measure, leading to analytically insoluble equations that would exceed the capacity of our computers, but the results would have no meaning for us even if they could be solved. (See Odenbaugh, 2006)

Selected Bibliography

Levins, R. "The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology", American Scientist, 54:421-431, 1966

Odenbaugh, Jay. "The strategy of 'The Strategy of Model Building in Population Biology' ", Biology and Philosophy, 21:607-621.