Patent prosecution

Patent prosecution describes the interaction between an applicant, or their representative, and a patent office with regard to a patent, or an application for a patent. Broadly, patent prosecution can be split into pre-grant prosecution, which involves negotiation with a patent office for the grant of a patent, and post-grant prosecution, which involves issues such as post-grant amendment and opposition.

Patent prosecution is distinct from patent litigation, which describes legal action relating to the infringement of patents.

The rules and laws governing patent prosecution are often laid out in manuals released by the Patent Offices of various governments, such as the Manual of Patent Examining Procedure (MPEP) in the United States, or the Manual of Patent Office Practice (MOPOP) in Canada.

Pre-grant prosecution

Preparation of an application

To obtain patent rights for an inventor, the practitioner typically first drafts an application by interviewing the inventor to understand the nature of the invention and help clarify its novel features. Practitioners need to ascertain what is already known to people familiar with the general field of the invention—such already-known material is termed the prior art, and to obtain drawings and written notes regarding the features of the invention and the background.

During this initial phase, sometimes termed "patent preparation", the practitioner may also seek to determine precisely who contributed to the making of the invention. An incorrect listing of inventors may incurably invalidate any patent that might result from an application. This determination is particularly important in the United States, but may be considered less important in other jurisdictions. The practitioner may also seek to find out whether any publications, offers for sale, or other such public disclosures of the invention were made. Under the laws or regulations of some jurisdictions, public disclosures or offers to sell an invention prior to filing an application for a patent may prevent the issuance of the patent. In the U.S. these laws are laid out in Title 35 of the United States Code, §102.

After drafting an application for patent, complying with any further rules (such as having the inventor or inventors review the application prior to filing), and obtaining the applicant's permission, the practitioner then files the patent application with the patent office. Usually, the practitioner seeks to file the application as soon as possible, because in a majority of jurisdictions (such as Europe and Japan) if two or more applications for the same subject matter are filed, then only the party who filed first will be entitled to seek a patent. This is known as the "first-to-file rule". In other jurisdictions (such as the United States, which uses a first-to-invent rule), early filing may prevent the use of certain materials from being applied against the patent application as prior art while the patent application is pending before the patent office.

Filing an application

Most patent applications have at least two components, including a general, written description of the invention and at least one "embodiment" thereof, and a set of "claims," written in a special style that defines exactly what the applicant regards as the particular features of his or her invention. These claims are used to distinguish the invention from the existing prior art, and are compared by the patent office to the prior art before issuing a patent.

Patent applications in most jurisdictions also usually include (and may be required to include) a drawing or set of drawings, to facilitate the understanding of the invention. In some jurisdictions, patent models may also be submitted to demonstrate the operation of the invention. In applications involving genetics, samples of genetic material or DNA sequences may be required.

earch and examination

Search and examination is the principal part of the prosecution of a patent application leading to grant.

A search is conducted by the patent office for any prior art that is relevant to the application in question and the results of that search are notified to the Applicant in a search report. Generally the examiner conducting the search indicates in what aspect the documents cited are relevant (novelty, inventive step, background) and to what claims they are relevant. The materials searched vary depending on the patent office conducting the search, but principally cover all published patent applications and technical publications. A preliminary, non-binding, opinion on patentability may be provided with the search report in order to indicate to the Applicant the Patent Office's thoughts on an application such that they can decide how to proceed at an early stage.

The search report is typically published with the patent application, 18 months after the earliest priority date, or if it is not available at that time it is published once it is available.

The examination of patent applications may either be conducted at the same time as the search (as in the US, where a search report is not issued), or at a later date after the Applicant has requested examination (as, for example, under the EPC).

Examination is the process by which a patent office determines whether a patent application meets the requirements for granting a patent. This includes considering whether the invention is novel and inventive, whether the invention is in an excluded area and whether the application complies with the various formalities of the relevant patent law.

If the Examiner finds that the application does not comply with any requirements an examination report (Office Action in the US) is issued drawing the Examiner's objections to the attention of the Applicant and requesting that they be addressed. The Applicant may respond to the objections arguing in support of the application, and/or making amendments to the application to bring it in to conformity. Alternatively, if the Examiner's objections are valid and cannot be overcome, the application may be abandoned.

The process of objection and response is repeated until the patent is in a form suitable for grant, the Applicant abandons the applications, or a hearing is arranged to resolve the matter.

In some jurisdictions substantive examination of patent applications is not routinely carried out, instead the validity of invention registrations is dealt with during any infringement action.

The search and examination process is principally conducted between the patent office and the Applicant. However, in some patent law systems it is possible for interested third parties to file opinions on the patentability of an application which may be taken into account by the patent office. This may take the form of a formal pre-grant opposition "inter partes" procedure or it may simply be an opportunity of filing observations as a third party. Reform legislation is set to create an opposition system in the United States.

An applicant is free to abandon an application during the search and examination process. This may be done if, for example, prior art is revealed that will prevent the grant of a patent and the Applicant decides to save cost by terminating the application. An application may be deemed abandoned by the Patent Office if the Applicant fails to meet any of the requirements of the application process, for example replying to an Examination Report.

Deferred examination

In some jurisdictions (such as Japan and Korea), after filing an application, examination is optional, and only on request, rather than automatic. For example, in Japan, an application is published at 18 months after the priority date, but otherwise the application lays fallow until the applicant demands examination, up to 7 years after filing. This gives the applicant time to evaluate which applications are worth spending money on, and which should simply be abandoned. Only a portion of the total number of filed applications are selected for examination by the applicants.

Invention registration

Some jurisdictions go one step further: an application is passed to issue and publication as an enforceable patent in short order, with no substantive examination. Examples include Bermuda, South Africa and Germany (in the case of Gebrauchsmusters (utility model)). Consideration of novelty and non-obviousness/inventive step is left open until litigation. Obviously such a patent does not carry the same presumption of validity as a patent that has been fully examined. Such systems are known as "invention registration" regimes, and have the benefit of reduced costs because applicants may postpone or completely forego the expensive process of examination for inventions that are of small or speculative value to the applicant's main fields of endeavor. Another advantage with such systems is that a patent is granted relatively fast. A patent in South Africa, for example, is granted approximately 8 months after date of filing whereas in examining countries it is highly unusual for a patent to be granted in less than 3 years. Fact|date=January 2008 At the same time, simply lodging an application usually preserves the applicant's right to later seek full examination and protection for his or her invention, if a competitor or pirate is later discovered to infringe the applicant's invention.

Appeals

However, if the examiner and the applicant cannot reach agreement regarding the patentability of the application, the applicant may lodge an appeal to either the patent office or to a court of law, asserting that his or her patent application was wrongly rejected. For such an appeal to be successful, the applicant must prove that the patent office was incorrect in its application of the law, in interpreting the claims of the patent application, or in its interpretation and application of the prior art "vis a vis" the patent application. If the appeal is successful, the patent office or court may order that a patent be issued based on the application, or that the patent office correct its examination of the application if the patent office is found to have been incorrect. Otherwise, if the applicant is not found convincing, the rejection of the patent application may be upheld.

In the United States, appeals are fairly rare. Only about 1 - 2% of all issued patents needed to be decided by the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences. For controversial areas, however, such as business method patents, the appeals rate is much higher. About 10% of the business method patents that issued in 2006 had to be appealed. In some areas, such as insurance patents, the rate is as high as 30%. [ [http://www.marketsandpatents.com/IPB-12152006.mht Source: Insurance IP Bulletin December 15, 2005] ]

Abandonment

Generally, an applicant is free to abandon his or her patent application at any time, and in many jurisdictions may "disclaim" his or her patent even after the patent is issued. Such abandonment may occur during the prosecution process, such as when the applicant is unable to convince the patent office to withdraw a rejection of his or her patent application. Further, abandonment is often held to have occurred if the applicant fails to respond within a certain time period to an office action issued by the patent office, or if the applicant specifically expresses his or her intention to abandon the application.

Following abandonment, in most jurisdictions, an applicant is usually barred from later seeking patent protection for the same subject matter which was earlier abandoned by the applicant.

Post grant prosecution

Opposition

Opposition is a process provided by some patent law systems in which a third party can oppose the grant of a patent in an attempt to prevent the grant (or revoke the grant of) a patent. In the European Patent Office, for example, any person may file opposition to the grant of a European patent within nine months from grant.

Reissue, Reexamination and Interference

Once a patent is issued, in some jurisdictions, the patent holder may request a "reissue" of the patent to correct mistakes in the issued patent. Such "reissue applications" must typically be filed within a particular period of time following issuance of the original patent. In some jurisdictions, such as the United States, the patent holder may even seek to broaden the scope of the invention defined in the claims by filing a reissue application, although a broadening reissue in the USA must be filed within 2 years from grant. Also, in the United States, only the patent holder may file for reissue.

In United States patent practice, "reexamination" refers to the process of requesting that the patent office once again subject an issued patent to further examination, usually accompanied by newly discovered prior art and/or an explanation of the relevance of the prior art to the claimed invention. Unlike reissue, reexamination may be requested by "anyone", not only the patent holder or inventor, although whoever requests reexamination must also submit the fee (which is about equal to the full cost of filing a new patent application). A benefit of reexamination is that issued patents may be either invalidated or once again deemed valid, without the considerable cost and lengthy time required for a full infringement lawsuit or declaratory judgment action.

Also, in the United States, if two patent applications are filed which set forth claims directed to the same subject matter, the patent office may declare an "interference" and require that each of the parties appear before the patent office to determine who was the earliest to discover the claimed invention. This "interference practice" is not followed in most other jurisdictions, because it is obviated by the "first-to-file" system used in most countries. During an interference, parties may submit evidence supporting their contention to be the earliest inventor, and the patent office issues a decision following the trial-like interference process.

Patent agents and attorneys

In some jurisdictions only authorised practitioners can act before the patent office, although applicants (i.e. inventors) can generally represent themselves. Authorisation is usually obtained by passing examinations set by the appropriate patent office, thereby proving that the representative is competent in the relevant laws and processes.

Due to the highly complex nature of patent prosecution it is generally advisable to employ a professional representative when applying for a patent.

Many firms specialize in patent law and are often called "boutiques" or "IP boutiques".

References

See also

* List of patent offices
* Patent application
* Public participation in patent examination
* Patent Prosecution Highway (prosecution cooperation between some patent offices)