Herman of Alaska

Infobox Saint
name=Herman of Alaska
birth_date= c. 1756
death_date= November 15, 1837
feast_day= August 9 (glorification)
December 13 (repose)
November 15 (repose-alternate)
venerated_in= Eastern Orthodoxy


imagesize=
caption=
birth_place= Serpukhov, Russia
death_place= Spruce Island, Alaska
titles= Venerable, Wonderworker
beatified_date=
beatified_place=
beatified_by=
canonized_date= August 9, 1970
canonized_place= Kodiak, Alaska
canonized_by= the Holy Synod of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA), and simultaneously in New York City by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR)
attributes=Clothed as a monk, with a flowing white beard; sometimes wearing a wrought iron cross and chains about his chest.
patronage= Americas
major_shrine= Holy Resurrection Cathedral, Kodiak, Alaska (relics); St. Sergius and Herman Church, Spruce Island, Alaska (burial site)
suppressed_date=
issues=
prayer= O beloved of the Mother of God, who received the tonsure at Valaam, new zealot of the struggles of the desert-dwellers of old: wielding prayer as a spear and shield, thou didst show thyself to be terrible to demons and pagan darkness. Wherefore, we cry out to thee: O venerable Herman, entreat Christ God that our souls be saved!
prayer_attrib= Kontakion, Tone VIII, ROCOR

Saint Herman of Alaska (born 1756 or 1760 in Serpukhov, Russia – died December 13 or November 15, 1837 on Spruce Island, Alaska) was one of the first Eastern Orthodox missionaries to the new world, and is considered by Orthodox Christians to be the patron saint of the Americas.

Biography

Saint Herman was born in the town of Serpukhov in the Moscow Diocese around 1756. Herman is his name in monasticism; his birth name is unknown. At 16, he entered the Russian Orthodox monastic life at the Trinity-St. Sergius Hermitage near St. Petersburg.

There, while still a novice, he developed a severe throat infection or abscess. After fervent prayer before an icon of the Theotokos, he collapsed into a deep sleep. During this sleep, he saw a vision in which he was greeted by the Virgin Mary and healed. Upon waking the next day, there was no trace of the past infirmity. Approximately five years later he transferred from Trinity - St. Sergius Hermitage to Valaam Monastery. Eventually he was tonsured a monk, though he was never ordained to the priesthood. While at Valaam, he was under the spiritual guidance of Abbot Nazarius who had played a significant role in the revitalization of spiritual life in Russia. During this time, the head of the Golikov-Shelikov Company, Gregory Shelikov, visited Valaam and made a request for several monks to begin a mission into the Alaskan territory. Father Herman was selected, along with seven other monks.

Father Herman and the other monks arrived on Kodiak Island on September 24, 1794, aboard a ship named "The Three Hierarchs". The monks educated and converted the native Aleuts, and as time progressed they found themselves protecting the natives from exploitation and abuse. Because of this moral stance the monks themselves were abused, arrested and physically threatened. In time, enduring hardship, inclement weather, illness and more, Father Herman stood as the only remainder from the original band of missionaries, the others either being martyred for their faith, dying of natural causes or returning to Russia.

Father Herman felt it his duty to protect the Aleuts from exploitation. He defended them against the often cruel treatment of those who controlled the colony. His concern for their needs have been documented, expressed in letters sent to the former administrator of the colony, Simeon Ivanovich Yanovsky. Father Herman also would intercede before the governors on behalf of the oppressed. He helped those in need in whatever way he found possible.

Between the years of 1808 and 1818, Father Herman lived on Spruce Island. Spruce Island is almost completely covered by forest and is separated by a strait about a mile and a quarter wide from Kodiak Island. Selecting this island for the location of his hermitage he called the land there "New Valaam" after the monastery from which he had left to come to America. He dug a cave in the ground and lived out his first full summer there. It was in this cave that he was later buried. To endure the harsh winters he constructed a cell in which he lived for more than forty years.

A small chapel was built as well, along with a school and guest house. The local people would visit him often. Food was produced from an experimental garden he planted for himself and the orphans of the land. He devoted his life to prayer and to performing those services he could do as a simple monk who had not been ordained to the priesthood.

His love for the people of Alaska was sincere and he found happiness in being around the children. An epidemic plagued Alaskans when an American ship made land at Kodiak. Fr. Herman remained with the ill and dying, offering them constant comfort and ceaseless prayer. It is said that his love was so genuine that he could see into the hearts of his spiritual children and help them.

The natives regarded him as their intercessor before God. When there was a tidal wave on the Island, Fr. Herman took an icon of the Theotokos, placed it on the beach and assured the people that the water would not rise beyond the place where the icon was, and it did not. When there was a great fire on the island, it is said that he dug a trench and stayed the flames. Prior to his death he foretold that there would be no priest to bury him and that he would be forgotten for 30 years. He died on November 15, 1837, but was not buried until December 13 because a priest could not come to serve the funeral, and was forgotten until the first investigation of his life in 1867 by Bishop Peter of Alaska. This investigation was followed by publications of his life in 1894, 1900, and 1952. In 1952 an Akathist Hymn (devotional song, prayer or chant) was composed in his honor.

ainthood

On March 11, 1969, the Great Synod of Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America (OCA) solemnly proclaimed the "Act of the Universal Church Canonization of the Staretz Herman to Sainthood in the Orthodox Church in America": "Taking into consideration the long and undisputed witness of the grace of God, appearing through the servant of God, the Staretz Herman of Alaska." Saint Herman was the first saint from America to be canonized by the Orthodox Church. The glorification of Father Herman was performed on August 9, 1970, at [http://www.oca.org/DIRlisting.asp?SID=9&KEY=OCA-AK-KODHRC Holy Resurrection Cathedral] in Kodiak, Alaska by the OCA with parallel services at the Synodal Cathedral of Our Lady, Joy of all who Sorrow in San Francisco by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia (ROCOR). His relics were removed from his grave underneath the church of Saints Sergius and Herman on Spruce Island and placed in the Holy Resurrection Cathedral in Kodiak.

There are several feast days throughout the year on which Saint Herman of Alaska is commemorated. Since there are two different calendars currently in use among various Orthodox churches, two dates are listed: the first date is the date on the traditional Julian Calendar, the second date, after the slash, is the same day on the modern Gregorian Calendar:

*July 27/August 9—Glorification: This is the anniversary of the joint-glorification (canonization) of Herman of Alaska as a saint in 1970.
*November 15/28—Repose: This is the anniversary of the actual death of Saint Herman.
*December 13/25—Repose: Due to an error in record keeping, this was originally thought to be the day of Saint Herman's death, and because of the long-established tradition of celebrating his memory on this day, it has remained a feast day. It is more likely that this is the day he was buried. For those Orthodox Christians who follow the Julian Calendar, this day falls on December 25 of the Gregorian Calendar, and thus provides a spiritual alternative to what some believe to be the increasingly secularized celebration of Christmas.
*Second Sunday after Pentecost:, as one of the saints commemorated on the [http://ocafs.oca.org/FeastSaintsLife.asp?FSID=49 Synaxis of the Saints of North America] —this is a moveable feast of the ecclesiastical year, and the date of its observance will change from year to year.

The major portion of his relics are preserved at Holy Resurrection Cathedral in Kodiak, Alaska, while his burial site at the Sts. Sergius and Herman Church, Spruce Island, Alaska is an important pilgrimage site, where the devout will often take soil from his grave and water from the spring named in his honour. A portion of his relics are enshrined at the St. Ignatius Chapel at the [http://orthodoxwiki.org/Antiochian_Village Antiochian Village] , the headquarters of the Antiochian Orthodox Christian Archdiocese of North America, where he is regarded as one of their patron saints.

In 1963, with the blessing of St. John Maximovitch, Archbishop of Shanghai and San Francisco, a community of Orthodox booksellers and publishers called the St. Herman of Alaska Brotherhood was formed to publish Orthodox missionary information in English. One of the founders was Father Seraphim Rose. The Brotherhood did much to advance the cause of St. Herman's glorification as a saint. Saint Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary in Kodiak, Alaska is named in his honor, as are numerous parish churches throughout the world.

On Tuesday, August 4, 1970, the 91st Congress of the United States, acknowledging the Glorification of St Herman of Alaska with a speech in the Senate, and his biography was formally entered into the [http://www.orthodoxphotos.com/cgi-bin/photo.pl?path=Various_Photos/Glorification_of_St._Herman_of_Alaska&file=30.jpg"Congressional Record"] , Vol. 116, No. 133.

In 1993, Patriarch Alexis II visited Kodiak to venerate the relics of Saint Herman. He left as a gift an ornate "lampada" (oil lamp) which burns constantly over the reliquary. Pilgrims from all over the world are anointed with holy oil from this lampada.

ee also

*Russian Colonization of the Americas
*Hermit

External links

* [http://www.dioceseofalaska.org/index.html Diocese of Alaska]
* [http://www.iconwall.org/holyrus/stherman/ Hagiography]
* [http://www.orthodoxphotos.com/Various_Photos/Glorification_of_St._Herman_of_Alaska/index.shtml Photos From The Glorification Of St. Herman]
* [http://www.asna.ca/alaska/research/zhizn.pdf Life of Monk Herman of Valaam, American Missionary (Russian, 1894)]
* [http://www.fatheralexander.org/booklets/english/herman.htm Life of Monk Herman of Valaam, American Missionary (English translation of above, 1997)]
* [http://www.oca.org/FS.NA-Document.asp?SID=4&ID=52 Address of the Great Council of Bishops of the Orthodox Church in America 11-13 March 1969, Concerning The Canonization of the Spiritual Father Herman of Alaska]
* [http://www.angelfire.com/nv2/carthusian/Akathist/herman.html Akathist to St. Herman of Alaska]
* [http://flickr.com/search/?q=Herman+of+Alaska Relics of Saint Herman of Alaska and other photos] at Flickr
* [http://ocaphoto.oca.org/MiscEventViewer.asp?EID=887 Icon of Saint Herman of Alaska with Scenes from his Life]