- Fleam
A fleam, also flem, flew, flue, fleame, or phleam, was a handheld instrument used for
bloodletting .History
This name for handheld venepuncture devices first appears in Anglo-Saxon manuscripts at around A.D. 1000. [CJS Thompson: Guide to the Surgical Instruments and Objects in the Historical Series with their History and Development, London, 1929 Taylor and Francis, p40.] The name is probably derived from the phlebotome from "phlebos", Greek for vein, and "tome", meaning to cut. [Ryland Greene and John Ashurst (eds): Lippincott's Medical Dictionary, Philadelphia, 1906 JB Lippincott Co, p 780.] These instruments are the progression from the early use of fish teeth, sharpened stones, and thorns used to penetrate blood vessels. The earliest known examples are made of bronze with a myrtle leaf shape to the blade. In the 17th and 18th centuries the German "Fliete", and French "flamettes" were developed. These devices with their right angle blades are the earliest forms of what collectors would now refer to as the fleam. [Audrey Davis and Toby Appel (eds): Bloodletting Instruments in the National Museum of History and Technology, Washington DC, 1979 Smithsonian Institution Press, pp 10-11.]
Use
While there are reports of this type of instrument being used in humans it is more likely that these were reserved for veterinary use while the common thumb lancet was the instrument of choice for use in people.
These instruments with their triangular shaped blades were designed to be placed over the vein (most commonly the jugular or saphenous) and struck with a fleam stick. This would ideally result in a rapid penetration of the vein with minimal risk to the operator and minimal dissection of the subcutaneous tissues. This latter point would have been considered important in minimizing the formation of a dissecting hematoma. Once the desired blood was drained from the patient the operator would place a pin through the edges of the incision. A figure eight of tail hair or thread would then be placed over the pin to retain closure.Edward Mayhew: The Illustrated Horse Management, London, 1864 WH Allen and Co, pp 80-90.] Statements from Mayhew in his 1864 treatise would indicate that the perceived benefits of these procedures were coming into great question in the later half of the 19th century for all conditions except
laminitis .Variations
Early craftsmen often varied the number of blades, the types of materials used for the bolsters and the types of instruments included in the bolster for patient care. Pictured to the right is a three blade fleam with a horn handle made in Scotland by the Sanderson craftsmen. This piece has a thumb lancet in one shield of the bolster and a thumb forcep in the other. Contoversy exists among collectors of antique surgical instruments that these types of fleams were made with the lancet so that frontier families could bleed the animals and family members alike. This is likely not the case in that there are descriptions of the use of thumb lancets in horses for opening the facial vein and for bleeding cats and dogs.
References
External links
* [http://www.alllancets.com Collection of antique bloodletting instruments]
* [http://www.medicalantiques.com/medical/Scarifications_and_Bleeder_Medical_Antiques.htm Medical Antiques: Scarification and Bleeding]
* [http://www.phisick.com/zphleb.htm Pictures of antique bloodletting instruments]
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