Groningen 1946 chess tournament

Groningen 1946 was the first major international chess tournament to be held after World War II. [The USA–USSR 1945 Radio Match preceded it, although only two nations participated and the players did not meet in one location.] Held at Groningen in August and September 1946, it was considered a miracle that the Netherlands could stage such an event just fifteen months after the end of the war.
Mikhail Botvinnik won the tournament a half point ahead of former World Champion Max Euwe.It was Botvinnik's first unshared victory outside of the Soviet Union and Euwe's last major success.citation
last=Brace | first=Edward R.
year=1977 | title=An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess
publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group
isbn=1-55521-394-4
page=123]

Groningen was the first tournament outside the Soviet Union to which the Soviets sent a team of masters to compete.The Soviet players were very successful, Botvinnik taking first, Vassily Smyslov third, and Isaac Boleslavsky and Salo Flohr tied for sixth and seventh, beginning an era of Soviet domination of international chess.citation
last=Hartston | first=William | author-link=William Hartston
editor-last=Golombek | editor-first=Harry | editor-link=Harry Golombek
year=1977 | title=Golombek's Encyclopedia of Chess
publisher=Crown Publishing
isbn=0-517-53146-1
contribution=Groningen 1946
page=133]

The tournament was a twenty-player round-robin.Although the field was strong, some top players were not present.From the United States Samuel Reshevsky and Reuben Fine were missing.From the Soviet Union Paul Keres was missing, as Soviet authorities would not let him play outside the country during this period.

Botvinnik and Euwe quickly jumped ahead of the field, making it a two-person contest for first place.At the halfway point (after round 10), Botvinnik had 9 points, Euwe 7.5, and Smyslov and Arnold Denker 7.After round 13, Botvinnik had 11.5, Euwe 10.5, and Smyslov and László Szabó 8.5.In round 14, Euwe beat Ossip Bernstein, who at age 65 was the oldest player in the tournament.Botvinnik lost to his countryman Alexander Kotov, creating a first place tie with Euwe.Years later Kotov reported that he received considerable criticism for beating Botvinnik at a critical point in a major tournament.(Botvinnik was favored at the time by the Soviet chess establishment as a challenger for the world chess championship.)Kotov would make up for his imprudence in the final round.In round 15 Euwe pulled ahead by a game by defeating Milan Vidmar, while Botvinnik lost a second consecutive game, this time to Daniel Yanofsky.With four rounds remaining, the scores stood Euwe 12.5, Botvinnik 11.5, Smyslov 10.5, and Szabó 9.5.Euwe's one point lead was not safe as he drew his next three games (Gösta Stoltz, Flohr, and Savielly Tartakower) while Botvinnik won three (Čeněk Kottnauer, Martin Christoffel, and Carlos Guimard) to pull ahead by half a point.In the final round, both Botvinnik and Euwe were playing black and both had strong opponents.The positions of the leaders did not change as both Botvinnik and Euwe lost.Botvinnik was outplayed by Miguel Najdorf, but Euwe blundered to lose in an even position against Kotov to leave Botvinnik with first place.cite book
last=Pachman | first=Luděk | authorlink=Luděk Pachman
year=1987 | origyear=1975 | title=Decisive Games in Chess History
publisher=Dover | isbn=0-486=26323-6 | pages=118–124]

Crosstable

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