Classis Ravennatis

The "classis Ravennatis" ("Fleet of Ravenna"), later awarded the honorifics "praetoria" and "Pia Vindex", was the second most senior fleet of the imperial Roman Navy after the "classis Misenensis".

History

Ravenna had been used for ship construction and as a naval port at least since the Roman civil wars, but the permanent "classis Ravennatis" was established by Caesar Augustus in 27 BC. It was commanded by a "praefectus classis", drawn from the highest ranks of the equestrian class, those earning more than 200,000 sesterces a year, and its mission was to control the Adriatic Sea and perhaps the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea. As the honorific "praetoria", awarded by Vespasian for its support during the civil war of AD 69,"Age of the Galley", p. 80] suggests, together with the "classis Misenensis", it formed the naval counterpart of the Praetorian Guard, a permanent naval force at the emperor's direct disposal.

Its home port of Classis (modern Classe), which was named after the fleet, was built under Augustus, and included a canal, the "Fossa Augusta", which united the port with the lagoons of the interior, as well as with the river Po to the north. ["A Companion to the Roman Army", p. 205] ["Age of the Galley", p. 78] Naval arsenals and docks stretched along the "Fossa", in a complex that reached 22 km in length. According to a passage by Cassius Dio, related by Jordanes, the harbour could accommodate 250 ships. [Jordanes, "Getica" 150]

The "classis Ravennatis" recruited its crews mostly from the East, especially from Egypt. Since Rome did not face any naval threat in the Mediterranean, the bulk of the fleet's crews was idle. Some of the sailors were based in Rome itself, initially housed in the barracks of the Praetorian Guard, but later given their own barracks, the "Castra Ravennatium" across the Tiber. ["A Companion to the Roman Army", p. 209] There they were used to stage mock naval battles ("naumachiae"), and operated the mechanism that deployed the canvas canopy of the Colosseum. ["Historia Augusta", Commodus XV.6] In 70, Emperor Vespasian also levied the legio II "Adiutrix" from the marines of "classis Ravennatis".

In the civil war of 192-193, the fleet supported Septimius Severus, and, together with the "classes Misenensis", it participated in the campaign against Pescennius Niger, transporting his legions to the East. ["Age of the Galley", p. 83] The fleet remained active in the East for the next few decades, where the emergence of the Persian Sassanid Empire posed a new threat that required frequent reinforcements to be ferried. ["Age of the Galley", p. 84]

In 324 the fleet's ships participated in the campaign of Constantine the Great against Licinius and his decisive naval victory in the Battle of the Hellespont. Afterwards, the bulk of the ships were moved to Constantinople, where emperor Constantine had moved the capital of the Roman Empire.

List of known ships

The following ship names and types of the "classis Ravennatis" have survived:
* 2 quinquiremes: "Augustus", "Victoria".
* 6 quadriremes: "Fortuna", "Mercurius", "Neptunus", "Padus", "Vesta", "Victoria".
* 28 triremes: "Aesculapius", "Apollo", "Aquila", "Archinix", "Ariadna", "Augustus", "Castor", "Concordia", "Costantia", "Danae", "Danubius", "Diana", "Felicitas", "Hercules", "Mars", "Mercurius", "Minerva", "Neptunus", "Nereis", "Pax", "Pietas", "Pinnata", "Providentia", "Silvanus", "Triumphus", "Venus", "Virtus", "Victoria".
* 5 liburnians: "Ammon", "Diana", "Pinnata", "Satyra", "Varvarina".
* 5 other vessels: "Clementia", "Danubius", "Hercules", "Mercurius", "Victoria".

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