William Wells Brown

Infobox Person
name = William Wells Brown


image_size = 147px
caption =
birth_date = 1814
birth_place = Lexington, Kentucky
death_date = death date|1884|11|06|mf=y
death_place = Chelsea, Massachusetts
occupation = Abolitionist, writer, historian.
spouse =
parents =
children =

William Wells Brown (November 6, 1814 – November 6, 1884) was a prominent abolitionist lecturer, novelist, playwright, and historian. Born into slavery in the Southern United States, Brown escaped to the North, where he worked for abolitionist causes and was a prolific writer. Brown was a pioneer in several different literary genres, including travel writing, fiction, and drama, and wrote what is considered to be the first novel by an African American.

Biography

Brown was born into slavery near Lexington, Kentucky. His mother, Elizabeth, was owned by Dr. Young and had seven children by different fathers (In addition to Brown, her children were Solomon, Leander, Benjamin, Joseph, Millford, and Elizabeth). Brown's father was George Higgins, a white plantation owner and relative of the owner of the plantation where Brown was born.

Sold multiple times before he was twenty years old, Brown spent the majority of his youth in St. Louis. There his masters hired him out to work on the Missouri River, then a major thoroughfare for the slave trade. He made several attempts to escape, and on New Year's Day in 1834, he successfully slipped away from a steamboat at a dock in Cincinnati, Ohio. He adopted the name of a Quaker friend of his, in order to obtain his freedom. After nine years as a conductor for the Underground Railroad and as a steam boatman on Lake Erie (a position he used to ferry escaped slaves to freedom in Canada), Brown became active in the abolitionist movement by joining several anti-slavery societies and the Negro Convention Movement.

Abolition orator and writer

Brown became further engaged in the abolitionist movement by delivering lectures in New York and Massachusetts. While his initial cause was prohibition, he soon focused on anti-slavery efforts. His speeches reveal his belief in the power of moral suasion and in the importance of nonviolence. He often attacked the supposed American ideal of democracy and the use of religion to promote submissiveness among slaves. Brown also constantly refuted the idea of black inferiority. Reaching beyond America’s borders, he traveled to Britain in the early 1850s and recruited supporters for the American abolitionist cause. An article in the Scotch Independent reported the following:

"By dint of resolution, self-culture, and force of character, he has rendered himself a popular lecturer to a British audience, and vigorous expositor of the evils and atrocities of that system whose chains he has shaken off so triumphantly and forever. We may safely pronounce William Wells Brown a remarkable man, and a full refutation of the doctrine of the inferiority of the negro." [Brown, William W. The Black Man: his Antecedents, his Genius, and his Achievements. New York: Thomas Hamilton 1963. Article from the Scotch Independent, June 20, 1852.]

Thanks in part to his prestige as a powerful orator, he was invited to the National Convention of Colored Citizens, where he met other prominent abolitionists. When the Liberty Party formed, he chose to remain independent, believing that the abolitionist movement should avoid becoming entrenched in politics. He continued to support the Garrisonian approach to abolitionism, sharing his own experiences and observations of slavery in order to convince others to support the cause.

Brown's literary works

His approach to abolitionism was not restricted only to lectures. In 1847, Brown published the "Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave, Written by Himself", which became a bestseller second only to Frederick Douglass' narrative. In it, he critiques his master’s lack of Christian values and the brutal use of violence in master-slave relations. When Brown lived in Britain, he wrote more publications, including travel accounts and plays.

His first novel, entitled "Clotel, or, The President’s Daughter: a Narrative of Slave Life in the United States", is credited as being the first novel written by an African American. [Nelson, Randy F. "The Almanac of American Letters". Los Altos, California: William Kaufmann, Inc., 1981: 67. ISBN 086576008X] However, because the novel was published in England, the book is not the first African-American novel published in the United States. This credit goes to one of two disputed books: Harriet Wilson's "Our Nig" (1859), brought to light by Henry Louis Gates Jr. in 1982; or Julia C. Collins' "The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride" (1865), brought to light by William L. Andrews, an English literature professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and Mitch Kachun, a history professor at Western Michigan University, in 2006. Andrews and Kachun document "Our Nig" as a novelized autobiography, and argue that "The Curse of Caste" is the first fully fictional novel by an African-American to be published in the U.S. [ [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/28/books/28slav.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Smith, Dinitia. "The New York Times" (Oct. 28, 2006): "A Slave Story Is Rediscovered, and a Dispute Begins" (p. B7)] ; [http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/29/books/review/Birkerts.t.html Birkerts, Sven. "The New York Times" (Sunday, Oct. 29, 2006): "Emancipation Days" ("The New York Times Book Review")] ]

However, most scholars agree that Brown is the first published African-American playwright. Brown wrote two plays, "The Experience; or, How to Give a Northern Man a Backbone" (1856, unpublished and no longer extant) and "The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom" (published 1858), which he read aloud at abolitionist meetings in lieu of the typical lecture.

Brown also wrote several historical works, including "" (1863), "The Negro in the American Revolution" (1867), "The Rising Son" (1873), and another volume of autobiography, "My Southern Home" (1880).

Brown's later life

After British friends purchased his freedom in 1854, Brown returned to the United States and continued to deliver lectures. In a shift likely inspired by the increasingly dangerous environment for blacks in the 1850s, he became a proponent of African American emigration to Haiti. Like some other abolitionists, he also decided that more militant acts were necessary to gain progress in their cause. During the Civil War and in the decades that followed, Brown continued to publish fiction and non-fiction books, thereby securing his reputation as one of the most prolific African American writers of his time. He also played a more active role in Civil War. It was Wells who introduced Bermudian soldier Robert John Simmons to the abolitionist Frances George Shaw, father of Col. Robert Gould Shaw, the commanding officer of the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry.

William Wells Brown died in Chelsea, Massachusetts in 1884.

ee also

*African American literature
*List of African American firsts

External links

* The Louverture Project: [http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=William_Wells_Brown_-_Toussaint_L%27Ouverture William Wells Brown - Toussaint L'Ouverture] - from the 1863 book "The Black Man, His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements".
* The Louverture Project: [http://thelouvertureproject.org/index.php?title=William_Wells_Brown_-_Dessalines Dessalines] - A description of Jean-Jacques Dessalines from the 1863 book "The Black Man, His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements" by William Wells Brown.

Footnotes

References

* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brown47/menu.html "Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave. Written by Himself". Boston: The Anti-slavery office, 1847.]
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/fpn/brownw/menu.html "Narrative of William W. Brown, an American Slave. Written by Himself". London: C. Gilpin, 1849.]
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brown52/menu.html "Three Years in Europe: Or, Places I Have Seen and People I Have Met". London: Charles Gilpin, 1852.]
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brown55/menu.html "The American Fugitive in Europe. Sketches of Places and People Abroad". Boston: John P. Jewett, 1855.]
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brownww/menu.html "The Black Man: His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements". New York: Thomas Hamilton; Boston: R.F. Wallcut, 1863.]
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brown80/menu.html "My Southern Home: or, The South and Its People". Boston: A. G. Brown & Co., Publishers, 1880.]

* [http://www.hti.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABY0202 "The Negro in the American rebellion; his heroism and his fidelity ..."]
* [http://gallica.bnf.fr/scripts/ConsultationTout.exe?E=0&O=N103524 Brown, William Wells (1815-1884). "Three years in Europe, or places I have seen and people I have met". with a Memoir of the author. 1852.]
*gutenberg author | id=William_Wells_Brown | name=William Wells Brown
* [http://www.aaregistry.com/african_american_history/431/William_Wells_Brown_a_selfliberated_historian African American Registry]
* [http://www.letrs.indiana.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?type=boolean&subtype=bib&c=wright2&cc=wright2&sid=7414746120dfd9f12d50f4f994fdb34c&q1=Clotelle&rgn1=title&op2=and&q2=&rgn2=title&op3=and&q3=&rgn3=title&submit=Submit+search William Wells Brown citation search in Wright American Fiction, 1851-1875]
* [http://www.adam-matthew-publications.co.uk/online/Clothel/index.aspx CLOTEL by William Wells Brown: An Electronic Scholarly Edition edited by Professor Christopher Mulvey]
* [http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page The Louverture Project] : [http://thelouvertureproject.org/wiki/index.php?title=William_Wells_Brown_-_Dessalines William Wells Brown on Jean-Jacques Dessalines] - Excerpt from "The Black Man, His Antecedents, His Genius, and His Achievements".
* [http://www.anb.org/articles/15/15-00098.html William Wells Brown biography] by R.J.M. Blackett. American National Biography Online
* [http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9512271232&site=ehost-live William W. Brown] by Marsh Cassady. American History; Jan/Feb96, Vol. 30 Issue 6, p16, 3p, 1c.
* [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0022-2992%28195410%2939%3A4%3C298%3AWWBIB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G William Wells Brown in Buffalo] by William E. Farrison. The Journal of Negro History, Vol. 39, No. 4. (Oct., 1954), pp. 298-314. JSTOR
* [http://docsouth.unc.edu/neh/brown47/summary.html Summary of Narrative of William W. Brown, a Fugitive Slave, Written by Himself] by Mary Alice Kirkpatrick. Documenting the American South. 2004.