Atom economy

Atom economy (atom efficiency) describes the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved. In an ideal chemical process the amount of starting materials or reactants equals the amount of all products generated (see stoichiometry) and no atom is wasted. Recent developments like high raw material (such as petrochemicals) costs and increased sensitivity to environmental concerns have made atom economical approaches more popular. Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry philosophy [cite journal
title = Atom Economy. A Challenge for Organic Synthesis
author = Trost B. M.
journal = Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.
volume = 34
issue = 3
pages = 259–281
year = 1995
doi = 10.1002/anie.199502591]

[cite journal
title = Atom efficiency and catalysis in organic synthesis
author = Sheldon R. A.
journal = Pure and Applied Chemistry
volume = 72
issue = 7
pages = 1233–1246
year = 2000
url = http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/2000/7207/7207pdf/7207sheldon_1233.pdf
doi = 10.1351/pac200072071233] [ [http://www.chemsoc.org/pdf/gcn/atomeff.ppt Atom Economy: A Green Chemistry Module] ] .

Atom economy can be written as:

% atom economy = $frac\{Molecular\; ,Weight\; ,of,\; desired\; ,product\}\{Molecular\; ,Weight\; ,of,\; all\; ,reactants\}\; imes\; 100\%$

Note that atom economy can be poor even when chemical yield is near 100%, see for instance the Cannizzaro reaction. A Diels-Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom efficient reaction.On the other hand if the desired product has an enantiomer the reaction needs to be sufficiently stereoselective even when atom economy is 100%.

Atom economy can also be adjusted if a pendant group is recoverable, for example Evans auxiliary groups. However, if this can be avoided it is more desirable, as recovery processes will never be 100%. Atom economy can be improved upon by careful selection of starting materials and a catalyst system.

Atom economy is just one way to evaluate a chemical process. Other criteria can include energy consumption, pollutants released and price.

References