French Colonial Forces

The French Colonial Forces (French: Troupes Coloniales), commonly called La Coloniale, was a general designation for the military forces that garrisoned in the French colonial empire from the late 17th century until 1960. They were recruited from mainland France or from the French settler and indigenous populations of the French colonial empire. This force played a substantial part in the conquest of the empire, in both World Wars as well as in the First Indochina War.

Makeup of French Colonial Forces

The Armée coloniale did not include the famous North African regiments such as the Foreign Legion, Zouaves, Spahis, Algerian Tirailleurs (sharpshooters) and Goumiers, all of which were part of the Army of Africa, a part of the French Metropolitan Army. Instead the "Troupes Coloniale" can be divided into:

1. French long service volunteers (or colonial settlers doing their military service) assigned to service in France itself or as garrisons in French West and Central Africa, Madagascar, New Caledonia or Indochina; and
2. Indigenous troops recruited in any of the above, serving under French officers. These were designated as Tirailleurs sénégalais, Tirailleurs malgaches, Tirailleurs indochinois, etc. according to the name of the colony of origin. Tirailleurs sénégalais was the name given to all West and Central African regiments, since Senegal had been the first French colony south of the Sahara.

The troupes coloniales were predominantly infantry but included artillery units as well as the usual support services. At various dates they also included locally recruited cavalry units in Indo-China as well as camel troops in sub-Saharan Africa.

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  French colonial troops disambarking in Madagascar.

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  Prisoners of war French colonial soldiers.

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  Recruitment poster of the Colonial Forces for the Free French Forces.

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  French Colonial 75 mm artillery gun in action near Sedd el Bahr at Cape Helles, Gallipoli Campaign|Gallipoli]] during the Third Battle of Krithia, 4 June 1915.

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  A tirailleur and a French officer keeping guard on prisoners during the Franco-Turkish War.

Composition

The colonial troops "the Colonial" which depend on a single General Staff, consists of two main types of units:

• Infantry and French colonial Colonial Artillery between 1900 and 1958 called "Colonial White" and composed mostly of enlisted metropolitans.
• native sharpshooters, excluding North Africa (Senegalese riflemen, sharpshooters Madagascar, Indo-Chinese sharpshooters) trained "subjects" French colonies controlled by French officers. The term "Senegalese infantry"is a generic term given to all infantry units recruited in black Africa.
• While it is sometimes used broadly to mean the troops recruited in all French colonies, and by extension, also include troops from Africa (Zouaves, Chasseurs d'Afrique, Spahis, Riflemen Algerian, Moroccan and Tunisian artillery North African Foreign Legion and services for Indigenous Affairs), which find their origin in the expeditionary force of 1830 in Algeria, and were united in the XIX Army Corps in 1873, the latter forming a well distinct from the colonial troops and should not be confused with them.^[1]

Creating and naming different

• The term colonial or colonial army troops or troops of the French colonies has several meanings:

• This is the first French troops to defend the colonies.
• Then, fairly quickly, this term designated the troops recruited in the French colonies, excluding North Africa French and Breton part of the troops at the first World War.
• The colonial troops appeared in 1900, when all the ground troops of the Ministry of the Navy, called the Marines, were transferred under the orders of the War Department. They disappeared in 1958 when the colonies had gained their independence, the mission of these troops was redefined. They renewed the name of the Marines, while staying in the Army.

List of regiments in New France 1755-59

• Compagnies Franches de la Marine (colony troops)
• La Reine
• Artois
• La Sarre
• Royal- Roussillon
• Bourgogne
• Languedoc
• Cambis
• Guyenne
• Berry
• Bearn
• Angoumois
• Volontaires Etrangers
• Le Royal - Artillerie

Only the Compagnies Franches were, strictly speaking, "colonial troops". The remaining units listed were regulars of the Royal Army brought from France itself.

Uniforms

French Congo, c. 1905. Colonial Infantry field uniform.

The European Colonial Infantry regiments were, until 1914, uniformed in a similar style to their metropolitan counterparts (though with yellow fringed epaulettes and medium blue trousers instead of the red epaulettes and red trousers of the line infantry). On colonial service white, dark blue or light khaki uniforms were worn with topees, according to circumstances. Between 1895 and 1905 a light blue/grey bleu mecanicien uniform was worn for field dress in Africa and Indo China (see photograph opposite). During and after World War I khaki became the norm for all colonial troops in contrast to the horizon blue of the metropolitan conscripts. The blue dress uniform was however restored for French personnel who enlisted as volunteers in either the Colonial Infantry or Colonial Artillery, from 1928 to 1939.

Tirailleur regiments in Africa worn red fezes and sashes with dark blue, or khaki uniforms until 1914. The Indo-Chinese units wore a salacco headdress and blue, white or khaki drill clothing based on local patterns. After World War I khaki became the normal dress for indigenous troops, although sashes and fezs continued to be worn for parade until the 1950s.

The modern Troupes de Marine are distinguished in full dress by dark blue kepis with red piping and bronze anchor badges, red sashes and yellow fringed epaulettes. These traditional items are worn with the standard light beige or camouflage dress of the modern French Army on ceremonial occasions.

From Marines to Colonials and back again

From 1822 to 1900 these troops, both French and indigenous, had been designated as Troupes de Marine, though they were not directly linked to the French Navy. Both services were however administered by the Ministre de la Marine and shared an anchor badge. This insignia continued to be worn after the Troupes de la Marine became the Troupes Coloniales in 1900 and photographs of mehariste (camel corps) troopers taken in the 1950s show anchor badges even in the Mauritanian desert far from the sea. In 1961 the title of Troupes de Marine was readopted after a brief period (1958–61) as Troupes d'Outre-Mer (Overseas Forces).

Post colonial period

As the remaining French African territories became independent in the late 1950s and early 1960s, the tirailleurs were discharged, usually to join their new national armies. In 1964, the 7th Regiment of Tirailleurs, formed in 1913 as the 7e Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens was redesignated the 170e Régiment d'Infanterie. The various "Tirailleurs Indochinois" regiments were dispersed by the Japanese coup of 10 March 1945 and were not reformed.

On 1 May 1994, in the presence of veterans of the armée d'Afrique, légionnaires, spahis, zouaves and artilleurs, the 170e Régiment d'Infanterie was redesignated as the 1er Régiment de Tirailleurs. It wears the insignia and bears the honors and traditions of the old 1er régiment de tirailleurs algériens, which was disbanded in 1964.

Status of Colonial Forces

Throughout their changing titles and roles the French Troupes de Marine or Troupes coloniales retained a reputation for toughness and professionalism. Whether French or indigenous they were, for the most part, long service regulars and as such comprised a genuine elite.

Modern

The Marine Infantry, Parachute, Artillery and Engineer units remain as a distinct branch within the modern French Army.

See also

• Colonial troops
• Troupes de marine
• French Resistance
• Concentration camps in France
• Army of the Levant
• Army of Africa
• Tonkinese Rifles
• French colonial flags
• French Colonial Empire
• List of French possessions and colonies

External links

• Unofficial site (managed by the national federation of veterans of oversea and marine troops)
• (French) Centre de ressources sur les TDM Excellent historical site covering the Troupes Coloniales as well as the Troupes de Marine
• (French) Les troupes coloniales dans la Grande Guerre

Bibliography

• Annuaire officiel des troupes coloniales, Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle, (serial)
• Histoire et épopée des Troupes coloniales, Paris, Presses Modernes, 1956.
• Alain de Sédouy; Eric Deroo, The forgotten history: The native Senegalese infantry, The Indochinese paratroops, The Moroccan Goumiers: a series of three documentaries Paris: GMT Productions: France 3, 1992.
• Les Troupes de Marine 1622-1984, Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle, 1991, ISBN 2702503160 or ISBN 9782702503164.
• CEHD (Centre d'Etudes d'Histoire de la Défense), Les troupes de Marine dans l’armée de Terre. Un siècle d’histoire (1900–2000), Paris, Lavauzelle, 2001, 444 p., ISBN 2-7025-0492-2
• Robert Hure, L'Armée d'Afrique: 1830-1962, Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle, 1977.
• Kim Munholland, The emergence of the colonial military in France, 1880-1905, Ph. D. Thesis, Princeton University, 1964.
• Maria Petringa, Brazza, A Life for Africa, Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2006. ISBN: 978-1425911980
• Louis Beausza, La formation de l'armee coloniale, Paris, L. Fournier et cie., 1939.
• Troupes coloniales. Organisation générale, Paris: H. Charles-Lavauzelle, 1907?
• Historique des troupes coloniales pendant la guerre 1914-1918 (fronts extérieurs), Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie., 1931.
• Historique des Troupes Coloniales pendant la Guerre 1914 - 1918 2, Paris Charles-Lavauzelle & Cie. 1931.
• Richard Standish Fogarty, Race and war in France: colonial subjects in the French Army, 1914-1918, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008, ISBN 9780801888243 or ISBN 0801888247.
• United States. Dept. of State. Colored troops in the French Army: a report from the Department of State relating to the colored troops in the French Army and the number of French colonial troops in the occupied territory, Washington, D.C.: G.P.O., 1921.
• Paul Jean Louis Azan, L'armée indigène nord-Africaine, Paris, Charles-Lavauzelle & cie., 1925.
• Shelby Cullom Davis, Reservoirs of men: a history of the Black troops of French West Africa, Westport, Conn., Negro Universities Press, 1970, ISBN 0837137764 or ISBN 9780837137766.
• Charles John Balesi. From adversary to comrades-in-arms: West Africans and the French military, 1885-1919, Chicago, 1976.
• Ministère de la guerre.,Troupes coloniales. Organisation génerale, Paris: Charles-Lavauzelle & cie., 1937.
• Marcel Vigneras, Rearming the French, Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the Army, 1957
• Edward L Bimberg, Tricolor over the Sahara the desert battles of the Free French, 1940-1942, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002, ISBN 0313010978 or ISBN 9780313010972.
• Nancy Ellen Lawler, Soldiers of misfortune: Ivoirien tirailleurs of World War II, Athens: Ohio University Press, 1992, ISBN 0821410121 or ISBN 9780821410127.
• Anthony Clayton, France, Soldiers and Africa, London; Washington: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1988, ISBN 0080347487 or ISBN 9780080347486.

References

1. ^ Anthony Clayton, History of the French Army in Africa 1830-1962, Albin Michel, 1994, p.21