- Transtheistic
Transtheistic is a term coined by philosopher
Paul Tillich or IndologistHeinrich Zimmer , referring to a system of thought orreligious philosophy which transcendstheism , and is thus neither theistic nor atheistic. [in published writings, the term appears in 1952 for Tillich and in 1953 for Zimmer. Since the two men were personally acquainted, it is impossible to say which of them coined the term. Note that the term "transtheism" is avoided by both.]Zimmer applies the term to the theological system of
Jainism , which is theistic in the limited sense that the gods exist, but become immaterial as they are transcended by "moksha " (that is, a system which is notnon-theistic , but in which the gods are not the highest spiritual instance). Zimmer (1953, p. 182) uses the term to describe the position of theTirthankaras having passed "beyond the godly governors of the natural order".The term has more recently also been applied to
Buddhism , [Antonio Rigopoulos, The Life and Teachings of Sai Baba of Shirdi (1993), p. 372; J. L. (Ed) Houlden, Jesus: The Complete Guide (2005), p. 390]Advaita Vedanta [Steven T. Katz, Mysticism and Sacred Scripture, Oxford University Press (2000), p. 177 ; Pulasth Soobah. Roodurmun, Kanshi Ram, Bhāmatī and Vivaraṇa Schools of Advaita Vedānta, Motilal Banarsidass (2002), p. 172] and theBhakti movement . [Werner Karel, Love Divine: Studies in Bhakti and Devotional Mysticism (1993), p. 153] .Nathan Katz in "Buddhist and Western Philosophy" (1981, p. 446) points out that the term "transpolytheistic" would be more accurate, since it entails that the polytheistic gods are not denied or rejected even after the development of a notion of the Absolute that transcends them, but criticises the classification as characterizing the mainstream by the periphery: "like categorizing Roman Catholicism as a good example of non-Nestorianism". The term is indeed informed by the fact that the corresponding development in the West, the development of
monotheism , did not "transcend" polytheism, but abolish it, while in the mainstream of theIndian religions , the notion of "gods" (deva) was never elevated to the status ofBrahman , but adopted roles comparable to Westernangel s. "Transtheism", according to the criticism of Katz, is then an artifact ofcomparative religion .Paul Tillich uses "transtheistic" in "The Courage to Be" (1952), as an aspect ofStoicism . Tillich stated that Stoicism andNeo-Stoicism are the way in which some of the noblest figures in later antiquity and their followers in modern times have answered the problem of existence and conquered the anxieties of fate and death. Stoicism in this sense is a basic religious attitude, whether it appears in theistic, atheistic, or transtheistic forms. ["Writings on Religion", Walter de Gruyter (1988), p. 145.]
Like Zimmer trying to express a religious notion that is neither theistic nor atheistic. However, the theism that is being transcended in Stoicism according to Tillich is not polytheism as in Jainism, but
monotheism , pursuing an ideal of humancourage which has emancipated itself from God.The courage to take meaninglessness into itself presupposes a relation to the ground of being which we have called "absolute faith." It is without a special content, yet it is not without content. The content of absolute faith is the "god above God." Absolute faith and its consequence, the courage that takes the radical doubt, the doubt about God, into itself, transcends the theistic idea of God. [Paul Tillich. Theism Transcended(Yale: CT 1952) 185-190, in the Courage to Be, in the Essential Tillich: an anthology of the writings of Paul Tillich, ed. F. Forrester Church (Macmillan: NY 1987) 187-190]
Martin Buber cricitized Tillich's "transtheistic position" as a reduction of God to the impersonal "necessary being" ofThomas Aquinas . [ David Novak, Buber and Tillich, Journal of Ecumenical Studies, Vol. 29, 1992 (reprinted in: Talking With Christians: Musings of A Jewish Theologian, 2005)]References
*Ruth Reyna, Dictionary of Oriental Philosophy, Munshiram Manoharlal (1984).
*Heinrich Robert Zimmer, "Philosophies of India", ed.Joseph Campbell (1953).ee also
*
Antitheism
*Atheism
*Jain cosmology
*Nontheism
*Polytheism
*Post-monotheism
*Post-theism
*Transcendence (religious)
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