Lucien Carr

Lucien Carr (March 1 1925 – January 28 2005) was a key member of the original New York circle of the Beat generation in the 1940s; later he worked for many years as an editor for United Press International.

Early Life

Carr was born in New York City; his parents, Russell Carr and Marian Gratz Carr, were both products of socially prominent St. Louis families. After his parents separated in 1930, young Lucien and his mother moved back to St. Louis; Carr spent the rest of his childhood there. [Lawlor, William, "Beat Culture: Lifestyle, Icons and Impact", ABC-CLIO, 2005, p. 167]

At the age of 14, Carr met a man who would have a profound influence on the course of his life. David Kammerer was an English teacher and physical education instructor at Washington University in St. Louis. Kammerer was also a childhood friend of William S. Burroughs, another scion of St. Louis wealth who knew the Carr family. Burroughs and Kammerer had gone to primary school together, and as young men, they traveled together and explored Paris’s seamy night life: Burroughs said Kammerer “was always very funny, the veritable life of the party, and completely without any middle-class morality.” [Lawlor, "Beat Culture", p. 46] Kammerer met Carr when he was leading a youth group of which Carr was a member, and quickly became infatuated with the teenager.

Over the next five years, Kammerer pursued Carr, showing up wherever the young man was enrolled at school. Carr would later insist, as would his friends and family, that Kammerer had been hounding Carr sexually with a predatory persistence that would today be identified as stalking. [Adams, Frank, "Columbia Student Kills Friend and Sinks Body in Hudson River," "The New York Times", August 17, 1944] Whether Kammerer’s attentions were frightening or flattering to the younger man (or both) is now a matter of some debate among those who chronicle the history of the Beats. [For comparison, see the differences in interpretation between William Lawlor in "Beat Culture" and James Campbell in "This is the Beat Generation", and compare to Eric Homberger’s comments in "Lucien Carr: fallen angel of the beat poets”] What is not in dispute is that Carr moved quickly from school to school: from Andover to Bowdoin College to the University of Chicago, and that Kammerer followed him to each one. [Campbell, James, "This is the Beat Generation", University of California Press, London, 1999, pp. 10-12] The two of them socialized on occasion. Carr always insisted, and Burroughs believed, that he never had sex with Kammerer; Kerouac biographer Dennis McNally wrote that Kammerer "was a Doppelgänger whose sexual desires Lucien would not gratify; their connection was an intertwined mass of frustration that hinted ominously of trouble." [McNally, Dennis, "Desolate Angel", Da Capo Press edition, 2003, p. 67]

Carr’s University of Chicago career ended quickly and badly, with an episode that concluded with the young man putting his head into a gas oven. He explained away this act as a “work of art,” [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", p. 12] but the apparent suicide attempt, which Carr’s family believed was catalyzed by Kammerer, led to a two-week stay in the psychiatric ward at Cook County hospital. [Lawlor, "Beat Culture", p. 167] Carr’s mother, who had by this time moved to New York City, brought her son there and enrolled him at Columbia University, close to her own home.

If Marian Carr was seeking to protect her son from David Kammerer, she did not succeed. Kammerer soon quit his job and followed Carr to New York, moving into an apartment on Morton street in the West Village. [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", p. 13]

William Burroughs also moved to New York, to an apartment a block away from Kammerer. The two older men remained friends.

Columbia and the Beats

As a freshman at Columbia, Carr was recognized as an exceptional student with a quick, roving mind. A fellow student from Lionel Trilling’s humanities class described him as “stunningly brilliant…. It seemed as if he and Trilling were having a private conversation.” [Gold, Ed, “Memories of a Beat Who Took A Different Road,” "Downtown Express", April 1-7, 2005, Vol. 17, Number 45]

It was also at Columbia that Carr befriended Allen Ginsberg in the Union Theological Seminary dormitory on 122nd street (an overflow residence for Columbia), when Ginsberg knocked on the door to find out who was playing a recording of a Brahms trio. [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", p. 12] Soon after, a young woman Carr had befriended, Edie Parker, introduced Carr to her boyfriend, Jack Kerouac, then twenty-two and nearing the end of his short career as a sailor. Carr, in turn, introduced Ginsberg and Kerouac to one another [Homberger, Eric, "Lucien Carr: fallen angel of the beat poets, later an unflappable news editor with United Press," "The Guardian", February 9, 2005] – and both of them to his older friend with more first-hand experience at decadence: William Burroughs. The core of the New York Beat scene had formed, with Carr at the center. As Ginsberg put it, “Lou was the glue.” [Hampton, Wilborn, “Lucien Carr, a Founder and a Muse of the Beat Generation, Dies at 79,” "New York Times", January 30, 2005]

Carr, Kerouac, Ginsberg and Burroughs explored New York’s grimier underbelly together. Carr had a taste for provocative behavior, for bawdy songs and for coarse antics aimed at shocking those with staid middle-class values. According to Kerouac, Carr once convinced him to get into an empty beer keg, which Carr then rolled down Broadway. Ginsberg wrote in his journal at the time: “Know these words, and you speak the Carr language: fruit, phallus, clitoris, cacoethes, feces, foetus, womb, Rimbaud.” [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", p. 12] It was Carr who first introduced Ginsberg to the poetry and the story of Arthur Rimbaud, the 19th-century French poet whose youthful brilliance, decadent style and early death make him a enduring favorite among college students. Rimbaud would be a major influence on Ginsberg’s poetry. [Hampton “Lucien Carr, a Founder and a Muse of the Beat Generation, Dies at 79”]

Ginsberg was plainly fascinated by Carr, whom he viewed as a self-destructive egotist but also as a possessor of real genius. [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", p. 23] Fellow students saw Carr as talented and dissolute, a prank-loving late-night reveler who haunted the dark pockets of Chelsea and Greenwich Village until dawn, without making a dent in his brilliant performance in the classroom. On one occasion, asked why he was carrying a jar of jam across the campus, Carr simply explained that he was “going on a date.” Returning to his dorm in the early hours another morning to find that his bed had been short-sheeted, Carr retaliated by spraying the rooms of his dorm-mates with the hallway fire-hose – while they were still sleeping. [Gold, “Memories of a Beat Who Took A Different Road”]

Carr developed what he called the “New Vision,” a thesis recycled from Emersonian transcendentalism and Paris Bohemianism [Maher and Amram, "Jack Kerouac", p. 117] which helped undergird the Beats’ creative rebellion:

“1) Naked self-expression is the seed of creativity. 2) The artist’s consciousness is expended by derangement of the senses. 3) Art eludes conventional morality.” [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", p. 26]

For ten months, Kammerer remained a fringe member of this simmering crowd, still utterly infatuated with Carr, who sometimes avoided him and on other occasions indulged Kammerer’s attentions. On one occasion he may even have brought Kammerer to a session of Trilling’s class. [Gold, “Memories of a Beat Who Took A Different Road”] Accounts of this period report that Kammerer’s presence and lovelorn devotion to Carr made many of the other Beats uncomfortable. [Lawlor, "Beat Culture", p. 168] On one occasion, Burroughs found Kammerer trying to hang Kerouac's cat. [McNally, "Desolate Angel", p. 68] Kammerer’s psyche was evidently decaying; he was barely scraping by, helping a janitor clean his building on Morton Street in exchange for rent. [Adams, "Columbia Student Kills Friend”] In July, Carr and Kerouac began talking about shipping out of New York on a Merchant Marine vessel, a scheme which drove Kammerer frantic with anxiety at the possibility of losing Carr. In early August, Kammerer crawled into Carr’s room via the fire escape and watched him sleep for half an hour; he was caught by a guard as he crawled back out again. [Charters, Ann, "Kerouac: A biography", Straight Arrow Press, San Francisco, 1973, pp. 44 and 47]

Killing in Riverside Park

On August 13, 1944, Carr and Kerouac attempted, and failed, to ship out of New York to France on a merchant ship - aiming to fulfill a fantasy of walking across France in character as a Frenchman (Kerouac) and his deaf-mute friend (Carr), and hoping to be in Paris in time for the Allied liberation. Kicked off the ship by the first mate at the last minute, the two men drank together at the Beats’ regular bar, the West End. Kerouac left first, and bumped into Kammerer, who asked where Carr was. Kerouac told him. [McNally, "Desolate Angel", p. 69]

Kammerer caught up with Carr at the West End, and the two men went for a walk, ending up in Riverside Park on Manhattan's upper west side. [Homberger, "Lucien Carr: fallen angel of the beat poets"]

According to Carr’s version of the night, he and Kammerer were resting near 115th street when Kammerer made yet another sexual advance. When Carr rejected it, he said, Kammerer assaulted him physically, and being larger, gained the upper hand. In desperation and panic, Carr said, he stabbed the older man, using a Boy Scout knife from his St. Louis childhood. Carr then tied his assailant’s hands and feet, wrapped Kemmerer’s belt around his arms, weighted the body with rocks, and dumped it in the nearby Hudson River. [Adams, "Columbia Student Kills Friend”]

Next, Carr went to the apartment of William Burroughs, gave him Kammerer’s bloodied pack of cigarettes, and explained the incident. Burroughs flushed the cigarettes down the toilet, and told Carr to get a lawyer and turn himself in. Instead Carr sought out Kerouac, who helped him dispose of the knife and some of Kammerer's belongings before the two went to a movie and the Museum of Modern Art to look at paintings. [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", pp. 30-31] Finally, Carr went to his mother’s house and then to the office of the New York District Attorney, where he confessed. The prosecutors, uncertain whether the story was true – or whether a crime had even been committed – kept him in custody until they had recovered Kammerer's body. Carr identified the corpse, and then led police to where he had thrown Kammerer's eyeglasses in Morningside Park. [Adams, "Columbia Student Kills Friend”]

Kerouac (who was identified in the "New York Times" coverage of the crime as a "23-year-old seaman") was arrested as a material witness, as was Burroughs. Burroughs’ father posted bail, but in a famous Beat side-story, Kerouac’s father refused to post the hundred-dollar bond to bail him out. In the end, Edie Parker’s parents agreed to post the money if Kerouac would marry their daughter. With detectives serving as witnesses, Edie and Jack were married at the Municipal Building (where New York City couples still get married by the dozens every day), [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", p. 33] and after his release, he moved to Grosse Pointe, Michigan, Parker’s hometown. Their marriage was annulled within a year.

Carr was charged with second-degree murder. The story was closely followed in the press, involving as it did a well-liked, gifted student from a prominent family, New York’s premier university of the 1940s, and the scandalous whiff of homosexuality. [Lawlor, "Beat Culture", p. 168] The newspaper coverage embraced Carr’s story of an obsessed homosexual preying on an appealing heterosexual younger man, who finally lashed out in self-defense. [Homberger, "Lucien Carr: fallen angel of the beat poets"] The "Daily News" called the killing an "honor slaying." [McNally, "Desolate Angel", p. 70] If there were subtler shadings to the tale of Carr’s five-year saga with Kammerer, the newspapers ignored them. [Campbell, "This is the Beat Generation", pp. 34-35] Carr pled guilty to first-degree manslaughter, and his mother testified at a sentencing hearing about Kammerer’s predatory habits. Carr was sentenced to a term of one-to-twenty years in prison; he served two years in the Elmira Correctional Facility in Upstate New York and was released. [Lawlor, "Beat Culture", p. 168]

Carr’s Beat crowd (which Ginsberg called “the Libertine Circle” was, for a time, shattered by the killing. Several members sought to write about the events. Kerouac's "The Town and the City" is a fictional retelling, in which Carr is represented by the character "Kenneth Wood"; a more literal depiction of events appears in Kerouac’s later "Vanity of Duluoz". Soon after the killing, Allen Ginsberg began a novel about the crime which he called “The Bloodsong,” but his English instructor at Columbia, seeking to preclude more negative publicity for Carr or the university, convinced Ginsberg to abandon it. [Lawlor, ‘’Beat Culture’’, p. 168] According to author Bill Morgan in his book, "The Beat Generation in New York", the Carr incident also inspired Kerouac and Burroughs to collaborate in 1945 on a novel entitled "And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks", which is slated to be published for the first time in November 2008.

ettling Down

After his prison term, Carr went to work for United Press International, where he was hired as a copy boy in 1946. He remained on good terms with his Beat friends, and served as best man when Kerouac impetuously married Joan Haverty in November of 1950. [McNally, "Desolate Angel", p. 131] Carr has sometimes been credited with providing Kerouac with a roll of teletype paper “pilfered” from the UPI offices, on which Kerouac then wrote the entire first draft of "On the Road" in a 20-day marathon fueled by coffee, speed, and marijuana. [Hampton, “Lucien Carr, a Founder and a Muse of the Beat Generation, Dies at 79”] The scroll was real, but Carr’s share of this first draft tale is probably a conflation of two different episodes; the 119-foot first roll, which Kerouac wrote in April 1951, was actually many different large sheets of paper trimmed down and taped together. After Kerouac finished that first version, he moved briefly into Carr's apartment on 21st street, where he wrote a second draft in May on a roll of UPI teletype, and then transferred that work to individual pages for his publisher. [McNally, "Desolate Angel", pp. 134-5]

Carr remained a diligent and devoted employee of UPI. In 1956, when Ginsberg’s “Howl” and Kerouac’s "On The Road" were about to be national sensations, Carr quietly was promoted to night news editor.

Leaving behind his youthful exhibitionism, Carr came to cherish his privacy. In one well-noted gesture, Carr asked Ginsberg to remove his name from the dedication at the start of “Howl.” The poet agreed. Carr even became a voice of caution in Ginsberg’s life, warning him to “keep the hustlers and parasites at arm’s length.” [Homberger, "Lucien Carr: fallen angel of the beat poets"] For many years, Ginsberg would visit the UPI offices and press Carr to cover the various causes with which Ginsberg had allied himself. [Hampton, “Lucien Carr, a Founder and a Muse of the Beat Generation, Dies at 79”] Carr continued to serve Kerouac as a drinking buddy, a reader and critic, reviewing early drafts of Kerouac's work and absorbing Kerouac's growing frustrations with the publishing world.

Carr married Francesca van Hartz and the couple had three children: Simon, Caleb and Ethan (in 1994, Caleb published "The Alienist", a novel which became a best-seller and made the son the acclaimed author his father once meant to be).

“When I met him in the mid-50s,” wrote jazz musician David Amram, Carr “was so sophisticated and worldly and fun to be with that even while you always felt at home with him, you knew he was always one step ahead and expected you to follow.” According to Amram, Carr remained loyal to Kerouac to the end of the older man’s life, even as Kerouac descended into alienation and alcoholism. [from an April 13, 2005 testimonial by Amram to Lucien following Lucien’s death, available online at http://www.insomniacathon.org/rrILCTDA01.html]

Lucien Carr spent 47 years, his entire professional career, with UPI, and went on to head the general news desk until his retirement in 1993. If he was famous as a young man for his flamboyant style and outrageous vocabulary, he perfected an opposite style as an editor, and nurtured the skills of brevity in the generations of young journalists whom he mentored. He was known for his oft-repeated suggestion, “Why don’t you just start with the second paragraph?” [Hampton, “Lucien Carr, a Founder and a Muse of the Beat Generation, Dies at 79”] One reporter quoted Carr as having two acceptable standards for a good lead: "Make me cry or make me horny."

Carr died at George Washington University Hospital in January 2005 after a long battle with bone cancer.

Notes

External links

* [http://www.litkicks.com/People/LucienCarr.html Literary Kicks -Lucien Carr]