CCL3L1

Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3-like 1, also known as CCL3L1, is a human gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CCL3L1 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3-like 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6349| accessdate = ]

PBB_Summary
section_title =
summary_text = This gene is one of several cytokine genes clustered on the q-arm of chromosome 17. Cytokines are a family of secreted proteins involved in immunoregulatory and inflammatory processes. This protein binds to several chemokine receptors including chemokine binding protein 2 and chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 5 (CCR5). CCR5 is a co-receptor for HIV, and binding of this protein to CCR5 inhibits HIV entry. Furthermore, the binding causes the receptor to be taken inside the cell by endocytosis, to eventually be reprocessed and re-expressed.

The copy number of this gene varies among individuals; most individuals have 1-6 copies in the diploid genome, although rare individuals have zero or more than six copies. With increased copy number, there is more CCL3L1 expressed, and so competition for the CCR5 binding site is increased. This leads to a decrease in the advancement of the HIV infection, giving those with greater copy number more resistance.

The human genome reference assembly contains two full copies of the gene and a partial pseudogene. This record represents the more telomeric full-length gene.cite web | title = Entrez Gene: CCL3L1 chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 3-like 1| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6349| accessdate = ]

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Hirashima M, Ono T, Nakao M, "et al." |title=Nucleotide sequence of the third cytokine LD78 gene and mapping of all three LD78 gene loci to human chromosome 17. |journal=DNA Seq. |volume=3 |issue= 4 |pages= 203–12 |year= 1993 |pmid= 1296815 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Nakao M, Nomiyama H, Shimada K |title=Structures of human genes coding for cytokine LD78 and their expression. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=10 |issue= 7 |pages= 3646–58 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1694014 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Irving SG, Zipfel PF, Balke J, "et al." |title=Two inflammatory mediator cytokine genes are closely linked and variably amplified on chromosome 17q. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=18 |issue= 11 |pages= 3261–70 |year= 1990 |pmid= 1972563 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Blum S, Forsdyke RE, Forsdyke DR |title=Three human homologs of a murine gene encoding an inhibitor of stem cell proliferation. |journal=DNA Cell Biol. |volume=9 |issue= 8 |pages= 589–602 |year= 1991 |pmid= 2271120 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Adams MD, Kerlavage AR, Fleischmann RD, "et al." |title=Initial assessment of human gene diversity and expression patterns based upon 83 million nucleotides of cDNA sequence. |journal=Nature |volume=377 |issue= 6547 Suppl |pages= 3–174 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7566098 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Naruse K, Ueno M, Satoh T, "et al." |title=A YAC contig of the human CC chemokine genes clustered on chromosome 17q11.2. |journal=Genomics |volume=34 |issue= 2 |pages= 236–40 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8661057 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1996.0274
*cite journal | author=Nibbs RJ, Yang J, Landau NR, "et al." |title=LD78beta, a non-allelic variant of human MIP-1alpha (LD78alpha), has enhanced receptor interactions and potent HIV suppressive activity. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=274 |issue= 25 |pages= 17478–83 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10364178 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Xin X, Shioda T, Kato A, "et al." |title=Enhanced anti-HIV-1 activity of CC-chemokine LD78beta, a non-allelic variant of MIP-1alpha/LD78alpha. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=457 |issue= 2 |pages= 219–22 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10471782 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Proost P, Menten P, Struyf S, "et al." |title=Cleavage by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV converts the chemokine LD78beta into a most efficient monocyte attractant and CCR1 agonist. |journal=Blood |volume=96 |issue= 5 |pages= 1674–80 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10961862 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Lambeir AM, Proost P, Durinx C, "et al." |title=Kinetic investigation of chemokine truncation by CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase IV reveals a striking selectivity within the chemokine family. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 32 |pages= 29839–45 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11390394 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M103106200
*cite journal | author=Struyf S, Menten P, Lenaerts JP, "et al." |title=Diverging binding capacities of natural LD78beta isoforms of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha to the CC chemokine receptors 1, 3 and 5 affect their anti-HIV-1 activity and chemotactic potencies for neutrophils and eosinophils. |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=31 |issue= 7 |pages= 2170–8 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11449371 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Miyakawa T, Obaru K, Maeda K, "et al." |title=Identification of amino acid residues critical for LD78beta, a variant of human macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha, binding to CCR5 and inhibition of R5 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 7 |pages= 4649–55 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11734558 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M109198200
*cite journal | author=Townson JR, Barcellos LF, Nibbs RJ |title=Gene copy number regulates the production of the human chemokine CCL3-L1. |journal=Eur. J. Immunol. |volume=32 |issue= 10 |pages= 3016–26 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12355456 |doi= 10.1002/1521-4141(2002010)32:10<3016::AID-IMMU3016>3.0.CO;2-D |doilabel=10.1002/1521-4141(2002010)32:103016::AID-IMMU30163.0.CO;2-D
*cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, "et al." |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899
*cite journal | author=Modi WS |title=CCL3L1 and CCL4L1 chemokine genes are located in a segmental duplication at chromosome 17q12. |journal=Genomics |volume=83 |issue= 4 |pages= 735–8 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15028295 |doi= 10.1016/j.ygeno.2003.09.019
*cite journal | author=Zhang Z, Henzel WJ |title=Signal peptide prediction based on analysis of experimentally verified cleavage sites. |journal=Protein Sci. |volume=13 |issue= 10 |pages= 2819–24 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15340161 |doi= 10.1110/ps.04682504
*cite journal | author=Gerhard DS, Wagner L, Feingold EA, "et al." |title=The status, quality, and expansion of the NIH full-length cDNA project: the Mammalian Gene Collection (MGC). |journal=Genome Res. |volume=14 |issue= 10B |pages= 2121–7 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15489334 |doi= 10.1101/gr.2596504
*cite journal | author=Gonzalez E, Kulkarni H, Bolivar H, "et al." |title=The influence of CCL3L1 gene-containing segmental duplications on HIV-1/AIDS susceptibility. |journal=Science |volume=307 |issue= 5714 |pages= 1434–40 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15637236 |doi= 10.1126/science.1101160
*cite journal | author=Ryu OH, Choi SJ, Firatli E, "et al." |title=Proteolysis of macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha isoforms LD78beta and LD78alpha by neutrophil-derived serine proteases. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=280 |issue= 17 |pages= 17415–21 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15728180 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M500340200
*cite journal | author=Burns JC, Shimizu C, Gonzalez E, "et al." |title=Genetic variations in the receptor-ligand pair CCR5 and CCL3L1 are important determinants of susceptibility to Kawasaki disease. |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=192 |issue= 2 |pages= 344–9 |year= 2005 |pmid= 15962231 |doi= 10.1086/430953

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