RhoC

RhoC

RhoC (Ras homolog gene family, member C) is a small (~21 kDa) signaling G protein (more specifically a GTPase), and is a member of the Rac subfamily of the family Rho family of GTPases.cite journal |author=Ridley A. |year=2006 |title=Rho GTPases and actin dynamics in membrane protrusions and vesicle trafficking |journal=Trends Cell Biol |volume=16 |issue=10 |pages=522–9 |issn=0962-8924 |doi=10.1016/j.tcb.2006.08.006] It is encoded by the gene RHOC. cite web | title = Entrez Gene: RHOC ras homolog gene family, member C| url = http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=389| accessdate = ]

Mechanism and function

It cycles between inactive GDP-bound and active GTP-bound states and function as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades. Rho proteins promote reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and regulate cell shape, attachment, and motility.

It is prenylated at its C-terminus, and localizes to the cytoplasm and plasma membrane. It is thought to be important in cell locomotion. Overexpression of this gene is associated with tumor cell proliferation and metastasis. Multiple alternatively spliced variants, encoding the same protein, have been identified.

References

Further reading

PBB_Further_reading
citations =
*cite journal | author=Wennerberg K, Der CJ |title=Rho-family GTPases: it's not only Rac and Rho (and I like it). |journal=J. Cell. Sci. |volume=117 |issue= Pt 8 |pages= 1301–12 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15020670 |doi= 10.1242/jcs.01118
*cite journal | author=Wheeler AP, Ridley AJ |title=Why three Rho proteins? RhoA, RhoB, RhoC, and cell motility. |journal=Exp. Cell Res. |volume=301 |issue= 1 |pages= 43–9 |year= 2004 |pmid= 15501444 |doi= 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.08.012
*cite journal | author=Adamson P, Paterson HF, Hall A |title=Intracellular localization of the P21rho proteins. |journal=J. Cell Biol. |volume=119 |issue= 3 |pages= 617–27 |year= 1992 |pmid= 1383236 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Chardin P, Madaule P, Tavitian A |title=Coding sequence of human rho cDNAs clone 6 and clone 9. |journal=Nucleic Acids Res. |volume=16 |issue= 6 |pages= 2717 |year= 1988 |pmid= 3283705 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Madaule P, Axel R |title=A novel ras-related gene family. |journal=Cell |volume=41 |issue= 1 |pages= 31–40 |year= 1985 |pmid= 3888408 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Fagan KP, Oliveira L, Pittler SJ |title=Sequence of rho small GTP-binding protein cDNAs from human retina and identification of novel 5' end cloning artifacts. |journal=Exp. Eye Res. |volume=59 |issue= 2 |pages= 235–7 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7835413 |doi= 10.1006/exer.1994.1102
*cite journal | author=Bokoch GM, Bohl BP, Chuang TH |title=Guanine nucleotide exchange regulates membrane translocation of Rac/Rho GTP-binding proteins. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=269 |issue= 50 |pages= 31674–9 |year= 1995 |pmid= 7989340 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Morris SW, Valentine MB, Kirstein MN, Huebner K |title=Reassignment of the human ARH9 RAS-related gene to chromosome 1p13-p21. |journal=Genomics |volume=15 |issue= 3 |pages= 677–9 |year= 1993 |pmid= 8468062 |doi= 10.1006/geno.1993.1124
*cite journal | author=Madaule P, Furuyashiki T, Reid T, "et al." |title=A novel partner for the GTP-bound forms of rho and rac. |journal=FEBS Lett. |volume=377 |issue= 2 |pages= 243–8 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8543060 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Reid T, Furuyashiki T, Ishizaki T, "et al." |title=Rhotekin, a new putative target for Rho bearing homology to a serine/threonine kinase, PKN, and rhophilin in the rho-binding domain. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=271 |issue= 23 |pages= 13556–60 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8662891 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Leung T, Chen XQ, Manser E, Lim L |title=The p160 RhoA-binding kinase ROK alpha is a member of a kinase family and is involved in the reorganization of the cytoskeleton. |journal=Mol. Cell. Biol. |volume=16 |issue= 10 |pages= 5313–27 |year= 1996 |pmid= 8816443 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Bonaldo MF, Lennon G, Soares MB |title=Normalization and subtraction: two approaches to facilitate gene discovery. |journal=Genome Res. |volume=6 |issue= 9 |pages= 791–806 |year= 1997 |pmid= 8889548 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Maekawa M, Ishizaki T, Boku S, "et al." |title=Signaling from Rho to the actin cytoskeleton through protein kinases ROCK and LIM-kinase. |journal=Science |volume=285 |issue= 5429 |pages= 895–8 |year= 1999 |pmid= 10436159 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Clark EA, Golub TR, Lander ES, Hynes RO |title=Genomic analysis of metastasis reveals an essential role for RhoC. |journal=Nature |volume=406 |issue= 6795 |pages= 532–5 |year= 2000 |pmid= 10952316 |doi= 10.1038/35020106
*cite journal | author=Diviani D, Soderling J, Scott JD |title=AKAP-Lbc anchors protein kinase A and nucleates Galpha 12-selective Rho-mediated stress fiber formation. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=276 |issue= 47 |pages= 44247–57 |year= 2001 |pmid= 11546812 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M106629200
*cite journal | author=Kleer CG, van Golen KL, Zhang Y, "et al." |title=Characterization of RhoC expression in benign and malignant breast disease: a potential new marker for small breast carcinomas with metastatic ability. |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=160 |issue= 2 |pages= 579–84 |year= 2002 |pmid= 11839578 |doi=
*cite journal | author=van Golen KL, Bao LW, Pan Q, "et al." |title=Mitogen activated protein kinase pathway is involved in RhoC GTPase induced motility, invasion and angiogenesis in inflammatory breast cancer. |journal=Clin. Exp. Metastasis |volume=19 |issue= 4 |pages= 301–11 |year= 2002 |pmid= 12090470 |doi=
*cite journal | author=Arthur WT, Ellerbroek SM, Der CJ, "et al." |title=XPLN, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for RhoA and RhoB, but not RhoC. |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=277 |issue= 45 |pages= 42964–72 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12221096 |doi= 10.1074/jbc.M207401200
*cite journal | author=Strausberg RL, Feingold EA, Grouse LH, "et al." |title=Generation and initial analysis of more than 15,000 full-length human and mouse cDNA sequences. |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=99 |issue= 26 |pages= 16899–903 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12477932 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.242603899
*cite journal | author=Shao F, Dixon JE |title=YopT is a cysteine protease cleaving Rho family GTPases. |journal=Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. |volume=529 |issue= |pages= 79–84 |year= 2003 |pmid= 12756732 |doi=

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