- Thomas Mudge (horologist)
Thomas Mudge, (1715 – 1794) was an English horologist who invented the
lever escapement , the greatest single improvement ever applied to pocket watches.Career
Mudge was the second son of Zachariah Mudge (1694–1769), headmaster and clergyman, and his wife, Mary Fox. He was born in
Exeter , but when he was young, the family moved toBideford , where his father became headmaster of thegrammar school . Thomas attended the same school and, when he was 14, he was sent toLondon to be apprenticed to George Graham, the eminent clockmaker who had trained underThomas Tompion . Graham’s business was situated in Water Lane,Fleet Street . When Mudge qualified as a clockmaker in 1738 he continued to be employed by a number of watchmakers. Whilst working for an eminent watchmaker, John Ellicott, Mudge was commissioned to make a watch forFerdinand VI of Spain , which greatly impressed the king. He later made a repeating watch for Ferdinand that repeated the minutes as well as the quarters and hours.http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/19486?docPos=1]In 1751 Mudge set himself up in business at 151 Fleet Street, and began to advertise for work. He rapidly acquired a reputation as one of England’s outstanding clockmakers. In 1753 he married Abigail Hopkins of
Oxford , with whom he had two sons.Around 1757, he invented the
lever escapement , which was the greatest single improvement ever applied to pocket watches, and remained a major feature of every pocket timekeeper for the next 200 years. Harold Bagust, “The Greater Genius”, 2006, Ian Allan Publishing, ISBN 0711031754 (page 15)]In 1765 he published ‘Thoughts on the Means of Improving Watches, Particularly those for Use at Sea’.
In 1771, due to ill-health Mudge, quit active business and left London to live in
Plymouth . From that date Mudge worked on the development of amarine chronometer that would satisfy the rigorous requirements of theBoard of Longitude . He sent the first of these for trial in 1774, and was awarded 500 guineas for his design. He completed two others in 1779 in an attempt to gain one of the higher awards. They were tested by theAstronomer Royal ,Nevil Maskelyne , and declared as being unsatisfactory. There followed a controversy in which it was claimed that Maskelyne had not given them a fair trial. A similar controversy had arisen whenJohn Harrison had been denied his prize by Maskelyne. Eventually, in 1792, two years before his death, Mudge was awarded £2,500 by a Committee of the House of Commons. In 1770 George III purchased a gold watch produced by Mudge, including his lever escapement. This he presented to his wife, Queen Charlotte, and it still remains in theRoyal Collection . In 1776 Mudge was appointed watchmaker to the king.In 1789 his wife, Abigail died. Thomas Mudge died at the home of his elder son, Thomas, at
Newington Butts , London on 14 November 1794. He was buried atSt Dunstan-in-the-West , Fleet Street.References
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