Open fields doctrine

Open fields doctrine

The open fields doctrine is a U.S. legal doctrine created judicially for purposes of evaluating claims of an unreasonable search by the government in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution, which states:

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

The open fields doctrine was first articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in Hester v. United States,[1] which stated that “the special protection accorded by the Fourth Amendment to the people in their ‘persons, houses, papers, and effects,’ is not extended to the open fields."[2] This opinion appears to be decided on the basis that "open fields are not a "constitutionally protected area" because they cannot be construed as "persons, houses, papers, [or] effects."

This method of reasoning gave way with the arrival of the landmark case Katz v. U.S.,[3] which established a two-part test for what constitutes a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. The relevant criteria are "first that a person have exhibited an actual (subjective) expectation of privacy and, second, that the expectation be one that society is prepared to recognize as reasonable'."[4] Under this new analysis of the Fourth Amendment, a search of an object or area where a person has no reasonable expectation of privacy is, in a legal sense, not a search at all. That search, therefore, does not trigger the protections of the Fourth Amendment.

In Oliver v. United States,[5] the Supreme Court held that a privacy expectation regarding an open field is unreasonable:

…open fields do not provide the setting for those intimate activities that the Amendment is intended to shelter from government interference or surveillance. There is no societal interest in protecting the privacy of those activities, such as the cultivation of crops, that occur in open fields.[6]

Courts have continuously held that entry into an open field—whether trespass or not—is not a search within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment. No matter what steps a person takes, he or she cannot create a reasonable privacy expectation in an open field, because it is an area incapable of supporting an expectation of privacy as a matter of constitutional law. In situations where the police allege that what was searched was an open field, this has the practical effect of shifting the argument from whether any given expectation of privacy is reasonable, to whether the given place is actually an open field or some other type of area like curtilage. This is because a person can have a reasonable expectation of privacy in areas classed as such.

Distinguishing open fields from curtilage

While open fields are not protected by the Fourth Amendment, the curtilage, or outdoor area immediately surrounding the home, may be protected. Courts have treated this area as an extension of the house and as such subject to all the privacy protections afforded a person’s home (unlike a person's open fields) under the Fourth Amendment.

An area is curtilage if it "harbors the intimate activity associated with the sanctity of a man's home and the privacies of life."[7] Courts make this determination by examining "the proximity of the area claimed to be curtilage to the home, whether the area is included within an enclosure surrounding the home, the nature of the uses to which the area is put, and the steps taken by the resident to protect the area from observation by people passing by."[8] Theoretically, many structures might extend the curtilage protection to the areas immediately surrounding them. The courts have gone so far as to treat a tent as a home for Fourth Amendment purposes in the past.[9][10][11] (Note: these are 9th Circuit Court of Appeals cases and would not be binding authority in many, if not most, cases.) It is possible that the area immediately surrounding a tent (or any structure used as a home) might be considered curtilage.

Despite this rather broad interpretation of curtilage, the courts seem willing to find areas to be outside of the curtilage if they are in any way separate from the home (by a fence, great distance, other structures, even certain plants).[12]

See also

  • United States v. Burton, 894 F.2d 188 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 857 (1990)
  • United States v. Pace, 955 F.2d 270 (5th Cir.), cert. denied¸ 502 U.S. 883 (1992)
  • Husband v. Bryan, 946 F.2d 27 (5th Cir. 1991)
  • United States v. Benish, 5 F.3d 20 (3d Cir. 1993)
  • United States v. McKeever, 5 F.3d 863 (5th Cir. 1993)
  • United States v. Brady, 993 F.2d 177 (9th Cir. 1993)
  • United States v. Depew, 8 F.3d 424 (9th Cir. 1993)
  • United States v. Reilly, 76 F.3d 1271 (2d Cir. 1996)
  • United States v. Gooch, 6 F.3d 673 (9th Cir. 1993)

References

  1. ^ Hester v. U.S., 265 U.S. 57 (1924)
  2. ^ Hester v. U.S., 265 U.S. 57, 57 (1924)
  3. ^ Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 347 (1967)
  4. ^ Katz v. U.S., 389 U.S. 347, 361 (1967)
  5. ^ Oliver v. U.S., 466 U.S. 170 (1984)
  6. ^ Oliver v. U.S., 466 U.S. 170, 179 (1984)
  7. ^ United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 300 (1987)
  8. ^ United States v. Dunn, 480 U.S. 294, 301 (1987)
  9. ^ United States v. Gooch, 6 F.3d 673 (9th Cir. 1993)
  10. ^ LaDuke v. Nelson, 762 F.2d 1318 (9th Cir. 1985)
  11. ^ LaDuke v. Castillo, 455 F.Supp. (E.D. Wash. 1978)
  12. ^ U.S. v. Hatch, 931 F.2d 1478 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 883 (1991)

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать курсовую

Look at other dictionaries:

  • open fields doctrine — n: a doctrine in criminal procedure: law enforcement officers may make a warrantless search of the area outside of the curtilage of a person s home without violating the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution – called also open fields rule;… …   Law dictionary

  • open fields doctrine — This doctrine permits police officers to enter and search a field without a warrant. The term open fields may include any unoccupied or undeveloped area outside of the curtilage. Oliver v. U.S., 466 U.S. 170, 104 S.Ct. 1735, 80 L.Ed.2d 214. See… …   Black's law dictionary

  • Open-field — may refer to: Open field system, a system of agriculture prevalent throughout Europe from the Middle Ages to the 20th Century Open fields doctrine, a U.S. legal doctrine used for evaluating claims of an unreasonable search Open Field, album by… …   Wikipedia

  • Doctrine of the General Talking Pictures Case — The Doctrine of the General Talking Pictures Case (or General Talking Pictures doctrine) is based on the decision of the United States Supreme Court in General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.,[1] which legitimated so called field… …   Wikipedia

  • Real bills doctrine — Economics …   Wikipedia

  • Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution — US Constitution article seriesThe Fourth Amendment (Amendment IV) to the United States Constitution is a part of the Bill of Rights. The Fourth Amendment guards against unreasonable searches and seizures, and was designed as a response to the… …   Wikipedia

  • Oliver v. United States — Supreme Court of the United States Argued November 9, 1983 Decided April 17 …   Wikipedia

  • United States v. Pace — (955 F.2d 270 (5th Cir.), cert. denied¸ 502 U.S. 883 (1992)) is a United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit court decision relating to the open fields doctrine limiting the scope of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.Acting… …   Wikipedia

  • United States v. Burton — (894 F.2d 188 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 857 (1990)) is a United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit court decision relating to the open fields doctrine limiting the scope of the Fourth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution.Acting… …   Wikipedia

  • United States v. Dunn — Infobox SCOTUS case Litigants = United States v. Dunn ArgueDate = January 20 ArgueYear = 1987 DecideDate = March 3 DecideYear = 1987 FullName = United States v. Dunn USVol = 480 USPage = 294 Citation = Prior = Subsequent = Holding = The area near …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”