GDR Literature

GDR literature is the literature produced in East Germany from the time of the Soviet occupation in 1945 until the end of the communist government in 1990. Because the time span actually precedes the establishment of the German Democratic Republic, another term used is "East German" literature. The literature of this period was heavily influenced by the concepts of socialist realism and controlled by the communist government. Due to this, for decades the literature of the GDR was dismissed was nothing more than "Boy meet Tractor literature," but its study is now considered a legitimate field. Because of its language, the literature is more accessible to western scholars and is considered to be one of the most reliable, if not the most reliable, sources about the GDR. [Tate, Dennis. "The East German Novel". Bath: Bath University Press, 1984.]

Cultural Heritage: German Socialists in the 1930s

The criticism of Georg Lukacs greatly impacted the literature of the GDR. His theories served as a middle ground between the necessary creative independence of the author and the theory of socialist realism as it was functioning at that time in the Soviet Union, paving the way for an East German literature that was to be more independent and original than what was to be found in the soviet bloc. Central to Luckacs' theories was the importance of the quest for individual identity, which he felt was not portrayed by socialist realism. He rejected the work of many authors, including Willi Bredel, James Joyce, Franz Kafka, and Ernst Ottwalt for reasons pertaining to the development of characters. He was against the notion that a character can develop fully with only one major change in their lives without relation to the entire experience of the individual, usually the conversion to socialism in the socialist realist novels, which is what he, as a socialist, was most concerned with. Lukacs took Goethe's work "Wilhelm Meister's Lehrjahre" as the model that authors should attempt to emulate [Tate, Dennis. "The East German Novel". Bath: Bath University Press, 1984.1-10.] .

1945-1949

The literature of this period was largely anti-fascist. Previously, this literature was written by those exiles who had managed to escape Nazi Germany, which then had to be naturalized after the war had ended. The typical biography for an exile author of this time included an active interest in the defense of the Weimar Republic and democratic power against state authority, followed by exile during the time of National Socialism, and then return to the Soviet Occupation Zone to support through their literature the development of an antifascist-democratic reform.

1949-1961

This period saw literature and other art forms become an official part of government planning. Culture and art were to reflect the ideals and values of socialism and to function as a means of educating the masses, an idea known as socialist realism. Special government divisions were set up, notably the "Amts für Literatur und Verlagswesen" (Office for Literature and Publishing) and the "Staatlichen Kommission für Kunstangelegenheiten" (State Arts Commission).

The literature produced during the 1950s is known as "Aufbau". It is concerned with the establishment of industry and raises the ordinary worker to the status of hero.

1961-1971

The beginning of this period is marked by the construction of the Berlin Wall dividing East and West Berlin.

1971-1980

1980-1990

One of the most important developments in GDR literature in the 1980s is known as the "Prenzlauer-Berg-Connection." This area in Berlin became home to a new generation of young people and their artistic underground. They expressed themselves through punk, illegal performance, multimedia experiments, and publishing unofficial magazines and literature. Prenzlauer Berg also attracted those who were officially cut off from East German culture. Many consider the literature produced in this period among the best of the entire GDR [Leeder, Karen. "Breaking Boundaries: A New Generation of Poets in the GDR". Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996. 7-9.] .

1990s

The 1990s saw the reunification of East and West Germany and the abrupt demise of the dream of a German "socialist utopia." This placed authors in an unusual context. The world in which they had been writing was being dismantled. At the same time, that world was also being disregarded as irrelevant with a focus on the future in the new unified Germany.

Prominent authors and their works

*Johannes R. Becher
*Jurek Becker: "Jakob der Lügner" (1969)
*Volker Braun
*Bertolt Brecht
*Peter Hacks
*Stefan Heym
*Karl-Heinz Jacobs
*Uwe Johnson: "Mutmassungen über Jakob" (1959)
*Hermann Kant
*Rainer Kirsch
*Sarah Kirsch
*Günter Kunert
*Reiner Kunze
*Erich Loest
*Heiner Müller
*Erik Neutsch
*Ulrich Plenzdorf
*Klaus Schlesinger
*Anna Seghers
*Erwin Strittmatter
*Christa Wolf: "Der geteilte Himmel" (1963), "Nachdenken über Christa T." (1968), "Kassandra" (1983)

References

*Emmerich, Wolfgang. "Kleine Literaturgeschichte der DDR". Darmstadt and Neuwied: Druck- und Verlags-Gesellschaft mbH, 1981.

External links

* [http://www.germanlife.com/Archives/1996/9604_02.html To tell the Truth? The East German Literary Debate]
* [http://rmmla.wsu.edu/ereview/60.1/articles/eckart.asp The Reclaiming of Saxony and its Dialect in Post-Wall East German Literature]