Heyoka

The word Heyoka refers to the Lakota concept of a contrarian, jester, satirist or sacred clown.

Heyoka are thought of as being backwards-forwards, upside-down, or contrary in nature. This spirit is often manifest by doing things backwards or unconventionally -- riding a horse backwards, wearing clothes inside-out, or speaking in a backwards language. For example, if food were scarce, a Heyoka would sit around and complain about how full he was; during a baking hot heat wave a Heyoka would shiver with cold and put on gloves and cover himself with a thick blanket. Similarly, when it is 40 degrees below freezing he will wander around naked for hours complaining that it is too hot. A unique example is the famous Heyoka sacred clown called "the Straighten-Outer":

During the Sun Dance, a Heyoka sacred clown may appear to tempt the dancers with water and food and to dance backwards around the circle in a show of respect. If a dancer looks into the mirrored eyes of the Heyoka, his or her dance is finished.Fact|date=October 2007

ocial role

The Heyoka symbolize and portray many aspects of the sacred, the Wakan. Their satire presents important questions by fooling around. They ask difficult questions, and say things others are too afraid to say. By reading between the lines, the audience is able to think about things not usually thought about, or to look at things in a different way.

Principally, the Heyoka functions both as a mirror and a teacher, using extreme behaviors to mirror others, thereby forcing them to examine their own doubts, fears, hatreds, and weaknesses. Heyokas also have the power to heal emotional pain; such power comes from the experience of shame--they sing of shameful events in their lives, beg for food, and live as clowns. They provoke laughter in distressing situations of despair and provoke fear and chaos when people feel complacent and overly secure, to keep them from taking themselves too seriously or believing they are more powerful than they are.

In addition, sacred clowns serve an important role in shaping tribal codes. Heyokas don’t seem to care about taboos, rules, regulations, social norms, or boundaries. Paradoxically, however, it is by violating these norms and taboos that they help to define the accepted boundaries, rules, and societal guidelines for ethical and moral behavior. This is because they are the only ones who can ask "Why?" about sensitive topics and employ satire to question the specialists and carriers of sacred knowledge or those in positions of power and authority. In doing so, they demonstrate concretely the theories of balance and imbalance. Their role is to penetrate deception, turn over rocks, and create a deeper awareness.Fact|date=October 2007

Wicasa Wakan means Holy man, not "Medicine man" or "shaman" (a term of Siberian origin). This is an important distinction. A Lakota medicine man is called "pejuta wacasa".

Thunder dreamer

It is believed among the Lakota that if you had a dream or vision of birds you were destined to be a medicine man,Fact|date=October 2007 but if you had a vision of the Wakinyan Thunderbird, it was your destiny to become a heyoka, or sacred clown.Fact|date=October 2007 Like the Thunderbird, the heyoka are both feared and held in reverence.Fact|date=October 2007

The Heyoka are healers and have many functions, for example healing through laughter and awakening people to deeper meaning and concealed truth and to prepare the people for oncoming disaster with laughter.Fact|date=October 2007

Heyoka in popular culture

* A recurring theme in Neil Gaiman's novel "American Gods" is the appearance of the Thunderbird in the dreams of the protagonist, Shadow. This is one of the events that leads to his role as a Heyoka who helps usher in a drastic change between the gods of the Old World and those of the New World.
* In 2005, artist John LeKay founded heyokamagazine.com, an environmental and art site, which includes articles on the Lakota people. He said, "Heyoka is Lakota Sioux for contrarian or sacred clown. The traditional heyoka are quite fascinating the way they brought about balance, self awareness, a kind of reality check and order by doing this in similar ways. Makes me think of Lenny Bruce and his humour which was deadly serious and lethal like a Zen slap or a bucket of ice cold water over your head." [ [http://www.johnlekay.com/Johnweb.BIO-1.Htm "Biography"] , johnlekay.com. Retrieved 23 December 2007.]
* In a fourth season episode of entitled "Something Wicked", the Native American immortal named Jim Coltec is said to be Heyoka. He performs this task by absorbing evil into himself before it can affect his tribe. After untold centuries of doing this, he is finally overwhelmed by evil and becomes evil himself. This evil is then transferred to the main character Duncan Macleod, who must resolve this in the following episode entitled "Deliverance".
* In the last issues of the original run of the "Tales of the Beanworld" comic book series by Larry Marder, one of the Beans experiences a unique Breakout (process by which a previously ordinary hunter-gatherer Bean discovers some new endeavor such as music or art [the subjects of two prior Breakouts, the second of which was chronicled earlier in the series while the first happened off-panel and was briefly referenced in a flashback] , adopts a new name and appearance, and is hopefully accepted as such by the tribe of Beans) and becomes a Heyoka named, simply, “Heyoka.” She was last seen exploring the wonders of the greater universe that contains the Beanworld, known as “The Big•Big•Picture.”

References

Bibliography

* Lame Deer, John (Fire) and Richard Erdoes. "Lame Deer, Seeker of Visions". Simon and Schuster, New York, New York, 1972. Paperback ISBN 0-671-55392-5
* [http://www.heyokamagazine.com/HEYOKA.6.MEDICINE.PeteCatches.htm Heyoka magazine, Pete Catches Interview]

* Wilson D. Wallis. "Heyoka: Rites of Reversal." Lakota Books, 1996 reprint.

ee also

* Clown
* Clown society
* Tales of the Beanworld - which has a character named "Heyoka"
* The Fool (Tarot card)

External links

* [http://www.fiu.edu/~mizrachs/thunderbird-and-trickster.html Thunderbird and Trickster] by Steve Mizrach