Pima Indian Revolt

The Pima Indian Revolt (or the Great Pima Indian Revolt, the O'odham Uprising, the Pima Revolt, or the Pima Outbreak) was a revolt of Pima Indians in 1751 against colonial forces in Spanish Arizona and one of the major northern frontier conflicts in early New Spain.

Background

The revolt was a culmination of a period of low-level violence against the local Spanish settlers since 1684. The period was characterized by a gradual loss of autonomy and territory by the Native Americans, as treaties allowing mining and herding by the Spanish on native lands were eroded by an influx of new settlers; by 1760 Spaniards and Mexicans outnumbered Native Americans in the present-day American Southwest. However, the colonial province of Sonora was characterized by a larger native population, and more frequent conflict between them and the Spaniards.cite journal|title=The Pima Outbreak in November, 1751|author=Ewing, Russell C.|journal=New Mexico Historical Review|volume=XIII|issue=4|month=October|year=1938|pages=pp. 337–46] The Pima Indian Revolt was directly preceded by the Seri Revolt of Seri Indians in Sonora.

Uprising

While the Pima people had no central authority, the charismatic Luis Oacpicagigua (Luis of Sáric) began the task of uniting—with varying degrees of success—the disparate groups, numbering at least 15,000 people, under a single war plan. The initial act of rebellion was the massacre of 18 settlers lured to Oacpicagigua's home in Sáric.cite journal|title=A Marginal Man: Luis of Saric and the Pima Revolt of 1751|author=Roberto Mario Salmón|journal=The Americas|volume=45|issue=1|date=Jul., 1988|pages=pp. 61–77|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-1615%28198807%2945%3A1%3C61%3AAMMLOS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z|format=JSTOR|month=Jul|year=1988|doi=10.2307/1007327] In the ensuing three months, Oacpicagigua and more than a hundred other men attacked the mission at Tubutama, and other Spanish settlements, and more than a hundred settlers were killed. Oacpicagigua surrendered to Captain José Díaz del Carpio on March 18, 1752 after a negotiated peace. When the Pima leaders laid the blame for the revolt on Jesuit missionaries (who would be expelled from Spain and its colonies in 1767) they were pardoned by the colonial governor Ortiz Parrilla.

After the conflict

Small scale conflict soon began again, however, and Oacpicagigua eventually died in a Spanish prison in 1755. The colonial government founded three new presidios in Sonora to control the Pima and Seri populace in the years after the revolt: San Ignacio de Tubac, Santa Gertrudis de Altar, and San Carlos de Buenavista, present-day Tubac, Arizona, Altar, Sonora, and Buenavista, Sonora, respectively.cite journal|title=The Mission as a Frontier Institution: Sixty Years of Interest and Research|author=John Francis Bannon|journal=The Western Historical Quarterly|volume=10|issue=3|date=Jul., 1979|pages=pp. 303–322|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0043-3810%28197907%2910%3A3%3C303%3ATMAAFI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-U |format=JSTOR|month=Jul|year=1979|doi=10.2307/967373] While intermittent rebellions continued, by the end of the eighteenth century, Sonoran natives had been largely missionized or Hispanicized, and the assimilated tribes of frontier New Spain were absorbed into the Spanish Empire.

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