- QF 12 pounder 12 cwt AA gun
Infobox Weapon
name=Ordnance QF 12 pounder 12 cwt anti-aircraft gun
caption=Mk I* on WWI AA traveling platform mounting
origin=UK
type=Naval gun
Coast defence gun
Anti-aircraft gun
is_ranged=yes
is_artillery=yes
is_UK=yes
service=1914 - 1940s (as AA gun)
used_by=UK
ITA
JPN
wars=World War I World War II
designer=
design_date=1893
manufacturer=Elswick Ordnance CompanyVickers Ansaldo
Canadian Pacific Railway
unit_cost=
production_date=
number=
variants=Mk I, Mk II, Mk V
weight=
length=
part_length=120 inch
width=
height=
crew=
caliber=3 inch (76 mm)
cartridge=12.5 lb. Fixed or separate QF
action=
rate=
velocity=2200 ft/s
range=
max_range=22,000 ft [Hogg & Thurston 1972, Page 57 quotes convert|22000|ft|m|abbr=on The same publication quotes convert|20000|ft|m|abbr=on on page 234]
feed=
sights=
breech=single-motion screw
recoil=Hydro-spring, constant, 12 inch
carriage=
elevation=0° - 85°
traverse=360° The 12 pounder 12 cwt anti-aircraft gun was borrowed for AA use from the QF 12 pounder 12 cwt coast defence gun with the addition of a modified cradle for higher elevation, a retaining catch for the cartridge, and an additional spring recuperator above the barrel and high-angle sights. Writers commonly refer to it simply as "12 pounder anti-aircraft gun". 12 cwt referred to the weight of the barrel and breech (12 x 112 lb = 1,344 lb) to differentiate it from other "12 pounder" guns.History
When
World War I began Britain had no anti-aircraft artillery and had given little thought to it. Hence in 1914 when Germany occupied parts of Belgium and northern France, it faced the risk of air attack, and various medium calibre guns were adapted to high-angle mountings, including the 12 pdr 12 cwt. All QF 12 pounder ammunition at the time was "Separate loading QF" i.e. the propellant came in a brass cartridge case with primer ready installed, but the shell was loaded separately. For anti-aircraft firing, fixed QF rounds were quickly developed i.e. with the shell already attached to the cartridge case. This allowed slightly faster loading.Combat use
For home air defence the gun was typically mounted on a high-angle mounting with an additional spring recuperator above the barrel, on a 2-wheel towed traveling platform, convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on x convert|5|ft|4|in|m|abbr=on The 4 stabilising arms at the corners were swung out, rods at the ends screwed down to lift the platform off the wheels which were then removed and the platform lowered to the ground. [Hogg & Thurston 1972, Page 56]thumb|left|
12 pdr 12 cwt gun in use as improvised anti-aircraft gun on garison mounting, Gallipoli 1915It was also deployed on static mountings to defend prominent targets such as dockyards.
While the gun was much lighter than the
QF 3 inch 20 cwt dedicated AA gun, for anti-aircraft use it lacked its range and shell weight. Hence the 3 inch 20 cwt gun became the heavy AA gun of choice both on land and ships from 1914 to 1937. The 12 pdr 12 cwt also proved only marginally superior to the much lighterQF 13 pounder 9 cwt as a light AA gun. Comparison [Routledge 1994, Page 9] :-At the end ofWorld War I , 36 guns were still in service in the home air defense of Britain, 10 on the Western Front and 2 in Mesopotamia where it was typically mounted on river barges. [Routledge 1994, page 27]The gun remained in Royal Navy anti-aircraft use on smaller ships in
World War II because of its dual capability of both low and high angle firing.Ammunition
See also
*
List of artillery#Anti-aircraft guns *
QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval gun urviving examples
*Mk V anti-aircraft gun at [http://www.firepower.org.uk Royal Artillery Museum, London]
*Coast defence gun at [http://www.armymuseum.co.nz/ Army Memorial Museum, Waiouru, New Zealand]Notes
References
*I.V.Hogg & L.F. Thurston, British Artillery Weapons & Artillery 1914-1918. London: Ian Allan, 1972
*Brigadier NW Routledge, [http://www.amazon.co.uk/History-Royal-Regiment-Artillery-Anti-aircraft/dp/1857530993 History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. Anti-Aircraft Artillery, 1914-55. London: Brassey's, 1994]External links
* [http://www.navweaps.com/Weapons/WNBR_3-40_mk1.htm 12-pdr (3"/40 (7.62 cm)) 12cwt QF Marks I, II and V]
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