Terry Robbins

Infobox person
name = Terry Robbins
birth_date = October 4, 1947
birth_place = Queens, New York, USA
death_date = March 6, 1970
death_place = Greenwich Village, New York, USA
known_for = Student Activist
Students of a Democratic Society Leader
Kent State Rebellion 1968
Jesse James Gang
Greenwich Village, New York Townhouse Explosion 1970

Terry Robbins (October 4, 1947 – March 6, 1970) was a U.S. leftist radical activist. A key member of the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) Ohio chapter, he led Kent State into its first militant student uprising in 1968. Robbins was credited for drawing inspiration from Bob Dylan’s song "Subterranean Homesick Blues" which later helped create the SDS/Weathermen identity. [ [http://www.geocities.com/southernscene/edu3.html The Weathermen ] ] He was also a formative member of Weathermen, an organization that advocated the emphasis of using militant actions in both antiwar protests and in their fight for antiracial solidarity.

Early life

Terry Robbins was raised in a Queens, New York Jewish family by his mother Olga, who graduated from Hunter College during the depression, and by his father Sam, a Manhattan coat factory worker.Wilkerson, Cathy. Flying Too Close To The Sun. Seven Stories Press: New York, New York, 2007.] At the age of six, his mother was diagnosed with breast cancer. During his mother’s ailment, Robbins’s father hired a nanny, who both Robbins and his sister Barbara called Auntie Annie. Auntie Annie was able to care and nurture the children for the last two years of their mother’s illness. After battling the disease for three years Olga Robbins died when Robbins was nine years old.

Two years after his mother’s death, Sam Robbins remarried another woman. In reaction to their dramatic family changes his sister became disruptive in school and Robbins started using his intelligence as a comforting mechanism. He started achieving honors recognition and found a group of friends that continued to push each other above and beyond the standard curriculum. Robbins also began to turn to poetry and music as his refuge, with his sister and cousins they discovered the musical world of the Beatles, Bob Dylan, and Barbra Streisand. His passion for language drew him into studying the lyrical content of the music.

After graduating from high school a year ahead of his classmates at Lawrence High School in Lawrence on New York's Long Island [ Wilkerson (2001) Z Magazine] Robbins ended up attending Kenyon College in Ohio, a small liberal arts institution in the fall of 1964 majoring in English. Kenyon College had very little campus organizing while Robbins was attending. In his first year of college, Robbins heard about Dickie Magidoff, an SDS member who was working in the Cleveland area. In the summer of 1965, he joined Magidoff and became involved in the [http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt4k4003k7/?&query=&brand=oac Cleveland Economic Research and Action Project (ERAP)] which exposed him to a more politically and socially inspired crowd of older SDS members. He moved into the Cleveland ERAP house and began helping with the start up of Inner Cities Ministries and getting funds from the suburbs to support their efforts. The fall of 1965, the beginning of his sophomore year, Robbins was eager to start up his own SDS chapter at the Kenyon College campus; he was the only official SDS member during his time there. The following 1966 spring semester he was able to team up with the chaplain of the school and organize a Student-Faculty Committee on the Vietnam War. In an informal letter to Dickie Magidoff, Robbins spoke of his successful strategy at the Kenyon College campus and how he was able to get the support of “five faculty members and at least eighteen students to gather together and attempt to make a case for a critical approach to American foreign policy.”

After Kenyon College (1966–1967)

After the summer of his sophomore year in 1966, Robbins decided to drop out of Kenyon College due to his unhappiness with the isolation and lack of student support occurring on the campus. He began his summer working with the Cleveland Project, which was concentrating their efforts on creating an alternative school for children to attend and get away from the racial inequalities of the public schools.Varon, Jeremy. Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, The Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence In the Sixties and Seventies. University of California Press: Berkeley, California, 2004.] It was then that Robbins met Bill Ayers and Diana Oughton, other SDS members that were a part of the Children’s Community in Ann Arbor, Michigan. Ayers and Robbins’ interest in writing became a bond between them; they collaborated together for the first time and wrote a lengthy paper called "Turn Toward Children", which discussed the educational and political philosophies of the Children’s Community of both Ann Arbor and Cleveland. At the end of that summer Robbins left Cleveland and joined Ayers and Oughton in Ann Arbor to spend some time trying to use the long history of SDS to encourage more student activity at the University of Michigan. Robbins felt he had more in common with the members of the Michigan SDS. They were a much younger chapter than in Cleveland and they all shared a great passion for music and sarcasm.

Jesse James Gang (1968)

Working in partnership with Jim Mellen from the Revolutionary Youth Movement, Ayers, Oughton, and Robbins began a new faction of the Ann Arbor SDS set out to transform SDS’s identity in their area. They were excited by the idea of militancy and in the words of writer Jeremy Varon, they used “confrontational action, in your face politics and their boisterous, even anarchic, spirit to help build large SDS chapters at colleges and universities everywhere." Robbins and the other founding members recognized that the politics of the old SDS did not command any appeal to their younger student members. The gang felt that the younger students were now being attracted by culture and not by politics. They were in search for validation in their anger over the war. As a main member of the gang, Robbins and the others embarked on a project that included: classroom disruptions, burning exams, public critiques of courses/and professors, and the disruption of the upcoming presidential elections.

Case Western Reserve University and Kent State (1968)

As student activism and community organizing became one of his passions, Robbins traveled to other surrounding campuses to help other students establish their own SDS chapters. While traveling back to the Cleveland area, Ohio SDS Regional staff member Lisa Meisel and several other students passed out leaflets that drew about a hundred people to Case Western Reserve University to hear Robbins and Ayers talk about the possibility of a revolution. They addressed the issues of the draft, university complicity, women’s liberation, and the protest of the upcoming presidential election. The following day, Robbins and Ayers led sixty students in a “shout-down” demonstration disrupting presidential candidate Hubert Humphrey’s speech.

During a 1968 spring semester visit to Kent State, one of Ohio’s most radical chapters, Robbins was able to convince a small group of activists in using a more forceful approach in their demonstration methods. In a statement from Robbins and Meisel titled [http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/box107/107f3p17.html"The War At Kent State"] , both claimed that a war was on at Kent State and demanded the university “abolish ROTC because it protected imperialism by suppressing popular movements at home and aboard, end the Project Themis Grant and the universities involvement in developing sophisticated weaponry used against people’s struggles for freedom, abolish the Law Enforcement School and abolish the Northeast Ohio Crime Lab because both institutions defended the American status quo and protected the interests of the ruling class.”Robbins and Meisel (1968) The War At Kent State] The first of such action against the university began on April 8, 1968. The SDS held a rally that attracted about 400 people in support of their demands and led 200 of them to march on to the administration buildings and use force to get past the police that were blocking their way. The university responded by suspending seven Kent State students and ended up pressing charges against five other people. Several other rallies were conducted over the next few days while the university continued to ignore the SDS’s demands. Robbins and the remainder of the SDS members reaffirmed their demands and added a fifth demand that called for open and collective hearings of the suspended students. On April 16, 1968 fellow SDS member Colin Nieberger’s university trial was to be held on campus, 2,000 supporters came to support the rally and approximately 700 of them marched to the Music and Speech building where Nieberger’s trial was being conducted. The passage from author Dan Berger’s book "Outlaws of America" describes how Robbins and a few other SDS members "moved past an army of athletes and policemen to successfully disrupt a university hearing on disciplinary and student-power issues." [ Berger (2006) pg. 112] After an hour of struggle the trials were canceled and Robbins was ultimately given credit for being the leader of the first student rebellions at Kent State. [Filler (1995) pg. 187] Robbins was arrested for his involvement during the demonstrations and was sentenced to serve a three month prison term for his actions. In December 1969, Robbins served six weeks of his three month jail sentence in a Cleveland area prison.

Weathermen (1969)

In a special edition of the "New Left Notes" for the upcoming 1969 SDS National Convention, Robbins and ten other SDS members had created a manifesto for students to become revolutionaries. Taking inspiration from Bob Dylan’s track "Subterranean Homesick Blues", Robbins had played with the meanings of the line “you don’t need a weatherman to know which way the wind blows” which later became the title for the Weathermen’s founding statement for their organization and developed the Weathermen Organization’s identity.

In response to the resignation of Mike Klonsky (National Secretary for SDS in 1968–1969 and RYM leader) and his opposition to the Weather’s theoretical paper and their dismissal of the white working class as "hopelessly reactionary," [Jacobs (1997) pg.40] both Robbins and Mark Rudd challenged Klonsky’s approach by insisting that the first and most urgent obligation of whites was to fight in support of the peoples of the world who were “rising up against them” and that they needed to create movements that fights, not just talk about fighting. "The aggressiveness, seriousness, and toughness of militant struggle will attract vast numbers of working class youth." [Jacobs(1997) pg.43]

Being one of the people in charge of the organizing and planning the national action for the organization, Robbins was based in Chicago, Illinois. During one of his visits to the local collectives and attending one of their meetings he had responded to a comment of a female SDS member in a very offensive tone. Some female members, including Chicago SDS/Weathermen Cathy Wilkerson, challenged him and accused Robbins of being sexist and disrespectful of a woman’s opinion. After a scuffle had broken out, Robbins and the women sat down to try and resolve their issues. In the end Robbins and the women agreed to disagree. A kinship between Wilkerson and Robbins began to develop which eventually lead to an intimate relationship.

“Days of Rage” (1969)

In the publicity of the upcoming "“Call for National Action”" Robbins and Ayers decided to bomb one of Chicago’s historical monuments located at Haymarket Square, the exact place where they were to gather the next day. On October 6, two days before the Days of Rage demonstration, Robbins and Ayers set off a dynamite bomb that toppled the bronze policeman statue. [Ayers (2001) pg. 176] The mayor called the act as an “attack on all the citizens of Chicago, called for law and order, and appealed to the youth.” [Ayers (2001) pg. 176] This message offered a portent to the gathering members of SDS. During the chaos of the Chicago demonstrations Robbins got hold of a tear gas tank and threw it back at one of the police officers and began shouting in the streets of his built up anger.

New York collective (1969–1970)

After the Chicago demonstration a few members of the Weathermen began developing a secret New York collective. Robbins joined with John Jacobs a Columbia graduate and former Progressive Labor Party member, Ted Gold who was a Columbia SDS chapter leader, Kathy Boudin a fellow member of the Cleveland ERAP, Cathy Wilkerson, and Diana Oughton. After securing a New York City safe house, the collective was able to conspire on their next plan of actions. After the fire bombs set to ignite at Judge Murtagh’s house, the judge who oversaw the Panther 21 indictment, failed, Robbins presented the group with the idea of using dynamite, a more predictable form of ammunition. Robbins was an English major and poet, he was not very proficient in the makings of electricity and dynamite. He believed that it was his job to learn how it worked and was able to come across a basic circuit design to detonate the dynamite on a timer. According to the accounts in Wilkerson’s memoir, after Robbins had explained the step by step procedure he studied, which gave exact details on how to connect the electrical timing device, the issue of a safety switch was raised by another member. Being a novice bomb maker, Robbins decided to take the responsibility of building the circuits on his own. Robbins had decided that the basement was the safest place to make the bombs and moved all equipment there.

The explosion

The morning of March 6, 1970, while finishing up the preparations to bomb the Non-Commissioned Officers Dance at Fort Dix, New Jersey, Robbins and two other New York Collective members, Diana Oughton, and Ted Gold perished in the explosion of the New York City townhouse. The explosion originated from the basement floor of the townhouse in which Robbins and Oughton had been working. Other members deduced that the inexperience in the art of bomb making and of its maker (Robbins) mistakenly crossed wires and set off a premature detonation. The remains of the bodies found in the basement floor were almost unindentifiable, the police were able to identify the body of Diana Oughton by a fragment of her thumb. Ted Gold’s body was found outside crushed under the townhouse’s framework. It wasn’t until the first official Weather Underground Organization (WUO) communiqué, weeks after the explosion that Terry Robbins was identified as the last victim of the explosion.

Shortly after the explosion, Weathermen leaders placed John Jacobs on indefinite leave from the WUO because he was the main advocate of Robbins’ aggressive actions. [Flanagan,http://antiauthoritarian.net/NLN/archive/brian_flanagan.html ] Terry Robbins was convinced that extreme acts of destruction was the way for the organization to move into a revolution. He was seen as the main source of the Weathermen’s aggressive tendencies, as friend Bill Ayers once said, “his extremism was an impulse in all of us.”

Because of the explosion, the Weathermen apparently decided to try not to hurt people:

Notes

References

* Ayers, Bill. "Fugitive Days". Beacon Press: Boston, Massachusetts, 2001.
* Berger, Dan. "Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity". AK Press: *Oakland, California, 2006.
* Filler, Louis. "Vanguard and Followers: Youth in American Tradition". Transaction Publishers: Edison NJ, 1995.
* Flanagan, Brian. http://antiauthoritarian.net/NLN/archive/brian_flanagan.html
* Goldman, Andrew. "A Charred Madeleine'; The Weathermen's Blast on West 11th Street Still Resounds". New York Times: New York, New York, March 26, 2000.
* Jacobs, Ron. "The Way The Wind Blew". Verso: New York, New York, 1997.
* Robbins, Terry and Meisel, Lisa. "The War At Kent State". Document, 1968.
* Varon, Jeremy. "Bringing the War Home: The Weather Underground, The Red Army Faction, and Revolutionary Violence In the Sixties and Seventies". University of California Press: Berkeley, California, 2004.
* Wilkerson, Cathy. "Flying Too Close To The Sun". Seven Stories Press: New York, New York, 2007.
* Wilkerson Cathy. Book Review:"Fugitive Days". Z Magazine, Dec. 2001. http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/dec01wilkerson.htm.

External links

* Cleveland Economic Research and Action Program. http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/kt4k4003k7/?&query=&brand=oac.
* "The War at Kent State". http://speccoll.library.kent.edu/4may70/box107/107f3p17.html
* http://www.geocities.com/southernscene/edu3.html
* http://www.sds-1960s.org/